// Copyright (c) The OpenTofu Authors
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
// Copyright (c) 2023 HashiCorp, Inc.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0

package tofu

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/plans/objchange"
	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"

	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/addrs"
	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/configs"
	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/configs/configschema"
	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/didyoumean"
	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/instances"
	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/lang"
	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/lang/marks"
	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/plans"
	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/states"
	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/tfdiags"
)

// Evaluator provides the necessary contextual data for evaluating expressions
// for a particular walk operation.
type Evaluator struct {
	// Operation defines what type of operation this evaluator is being used
	// for.
	Operation walkOperation

	// Meta is contextual metadata about the current operation.
	Meta *ContextMeta

	// Config is the root node in the configuration tree.
	Config *configs.Config

	VariableValuesLock *sync.Mutex
	// VariableValues is a map from variable names to their associated values,
	// within the module indicated by ModulePath. VariableValues is modified
	// concurrently, and so it must be accessed only while holding
	// VariableValuesLock.
	//
	// The first map level is string representations of addr.ModuleInstance
	// values, while the second level is variable names.
	VariableValues map[string]map[string]cty.Value

	// Plugins is the library of available plugin components (providers and
	// provisioners) that we have available to help us evaluate expressions
	// that interact with plugin-provided objects.
	//
	// From this we only access the schemas of the plugins, and don't otherwise
	// interact with plugin instances.
	Plugins *contextPlugins

	// State is the current state, embedded in a wrapper that ensures that
	// it can be safely accessed and modified concurrently.
	State *states.SyncState

	// Changes is the set of proposed changes, embedded in a wrapper that
	// ensures they can be safely accessed and modified concurrently.
	Changes *plans.ChangesSync

	PlanTimestamp time.Time
}

// Scope creates an evaluation scope for the given module path and optional
// resource.
//
// If the "self" argument is nil then the "self" object is not available
// in evaluated expressions. Otherwise, it behaves as an alias for the given
// address.
func (e *Evaluator) Scope(data lang.Data, self addrs.Referenceable, source addrs.Referenceable, functions lang.ProviderFunction) *lang.Scope {
	return &lang.Scope{
		Data:              data,
		ParseRef:          addrs.ParseRef,
		SelfAddr:          self,
		SourceAddr:        source,
		PureOnly:          e.Operation != walkApply && e.Operation != walkDestroy && e.Operation != walkEval,
		BaseDir:           ".", // Always current working directory for now.
		PlanTimestamp:     e.PlanTimestamp,
		ProviderFunctions: functions,
	}
}

// evaluationStateData is an implementation of lang.Data that resolves
// references primarily (but not exclusively) using information from a State.
type evaluationStateData struct {
	Evaluator *Evaluator

	// ModulePath is the path through the dynamic module tree to the module
	// that references will be resolved relative to.
	ModulePath addrs.ModuleInstance

	// InstanceKeyData describes the values, if any, that are accessible due
	// to repetition of a containing object using "count" or "for_each"
	// arguments. (It is _not_ used for the for_each inside "dynamic" blocks,
	// since the user specifies in that case which variable name to locally
	// shadow.)
	InstanceKeyData InstanceKeyEvalData

	// Operation records the type of walk the evaluationStateData is being used
	// for.
	Operation walkOperation
}

// evaluationStateData must implement lang.Data
var _ lang.Data = (*evaluationStateData)(nil)

// InstanceKeyEvalData is the old name for instances.RepetitionData, aliased
// here for compatibility. In new code, use instances.RepetitionData instead.
type InstanceKeyEvalData = instances.RepetitionData

// EvalDataForInstanceKey constructs a suitable InstanceKeyEvalData for
// evaluating in a context that has the given instance key.
//
// The forEachMap argument can be nil when preparing for evaluation
// in a context where each.value is prohibited, such as a destroy-time
// provisioner. In that case, the returned EachValue will always be
// cty.NilVal.
func EvalDataForInstanceKey(key addrs.InstanceKey, forEachMap map[string]cty.Value) InstanceKeyEvalData {
	var evalData InstanceKeyEvalData
	if key == nil {
		return evalData
	}

	keyValue := key.Value()
	switch keyValue.Type() {
	case cty.String:
		evalData.EachKey = keyValue
		evalData.EachValue = forEachMap[keyValue.AsString()]
	case cty.Number:
		evalData.CountIndex = keyValue
	}
	return evalData
}

// EvalDataForNoInstanceKey is a value of InstanceKeyData that sets no instance
// key values at all, suitable for use in contexts where no keyed instance
// is relevant.
var EvalDataForNoInstanceKey = InstanceKeyEvalData{}

func (d *evaluationStateData) GetCountAttr(_ context.Context, addr addrs.CountAttr, rng tfdiags.SourceRange) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
	switch addr.Name {

	case "index":
		idxVal := d.InstanceKeyData.CountIndex
		if idxVal == cty.NilVal {
			diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
				Severity: hcl.DiagError,
				Summary:  `Reference to "count" in non-counted context`,
				Detail:   `The "count" object can only be used in "module", "resource", and "data" blocks, and only when the "count" argument is set.`,
				Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
			})
			return cty.UnknownVal(cty.Number), diags
		}
		return idxVal, diags

	default:
		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  `Invalid "count" attribute`,
			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf(`The "count" object does not have an attribute named %q. The only supported attribute is count.index, which is the index of each instance of a resource block that has the "count" argument set.`, addr.Name),
			Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
		})
		return cty.DynamicVal, diags
	}
}

func (d *evaluationStateData) GetForEachAttr(_ context.Context, addr addrs.ForEachAttr, rng tfdiags.SourceRange) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
	var returnVal cty.Value
	switch addr.Name {

	case "key":
		returnVal = d.InstanceKeyData.EachKey
	case "value":
		returnVal = d.InstanceKeyData.EachValue

		if returnVal == cty.NilVal {
			diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
				Severity: hcl.DiagError,
				Summary:  `each.value cannot be used in this context`,
				Detail:   `A reference to "each.value" has been used in a context in which it is unavailable, such as when the configuration no longer contains the value in its "for_each" expression. Remove this reference to each.value in your configuration to work around this error.`,
				Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
			})
			return cty.UnknownVal(cty.DynamicPseudoType), diags
		}
	default:
		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  `Invalid "each" attribute`,
			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf(`The "each" object does not have an attribute named %q. The supported attributes are each.key and each.value, the current key and value pair of the "for_each" attribute set.`, addr.Name),
			Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
		})
		return cty.DynamicVal, diags
	}

	if returnVal == cty.NilVal {
		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  `Reference to "each" in context without for_each`,
			Detail:   `The "each" object can be used only in "module" or "resource" blocks, and only when the "for_each" argument is set.`,
			Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
		})
		return cty.UnknownVal(cty.DynamicPseudoType), diags
	}
	return returnVal, diags
}

func (d *evaluationStateData) GetInputVariable(_ context.Context, addr addrs.InputVariable, rng tfdiags.SourceRange) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics

	// First we'll make sure the requested value is declared in configuration,
	// so we can produce a nice message if not.
	moduleConfig := d.Evaluator.Config.DescendentForInstance(d.ModulePath)
	if moduleConfig == nil {
		// should never happen, since we can't be evaluating in a module
		// that wasn't mentioned in configuration.
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("input variable read from %s, which has no configuration", d.ModulePath))
	}

	config := moduleConfig.Module.Variables[addr.Name]
	if config == nil {
		var suggestions []string
		for k := range moduleConfig.Module.Variables {
			suggestions = append(suggestions, k)
		}
		suggestion := didyoumean.NameSuggestion(addr.Name, suggestions)
		if suggestion != "" {
			suggestion = fmt.Sprintf(" Did you mean %q?", suggestion)
		} else {
			suggestion = fmt.Sprintf(" This variable can be declared with a variable %q {} block.", addr.Name)
		}

		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  `Reference to undeclared input variable`,
			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf(`An input variable with the name %q has not been declared.%s`, addr.Name, suggestion),
			Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
		})
		return cty.DynamicVal, diags
	}
	d.Evaluator.VariableValuesLock.Lock()
	defer d.Evaluator.VariableValuesLock.Unlock()

	// During the validate walk, input variables are always unknown so
	// that we are validating the configuration for all possible input values
	// rather than for a specific set. Checking against a specific set of
	// input values then happens during the plan walk.
	//
	// This is important because otherwise the validation walk will tend to be
	// overly strict, requiring expressions throughout the configuration to
	// be complicated to accommodate all possible inputs, whereas returning
	// unknown here allows for simpler patterns like using input values as
	// guards to broadly enable/disable resources, avoid processing things
	// that are disabled, etc. OpenTofu's static validation leans towards
	// being liberal in what it accepts because the subsequent plan walk has
	// more information available and so can be more conservative.
	if d.Operation == walkValidate {
		// Ensure variable marks are captured in the validate walk
		v := cty.UnknownVal(config.Type)
		if config.Sensitive {
			v = v.Mark(marks.Sensitive)
		}
		if config.Ephemeral {
			v = v.Mark(marks.Ephemeral)
		}
		return v, diags
	}

	moduleAddrStr := d.ModulePath.String()
	vals := d.Evaluator.VariableValues[moduleAddrStr]
	if vals == nil {
		return cty.UnknownVal(config.Type), diags
	}

	// d.Evaluator.VariableValues should always contain valid "final values"
	// for variables, which is to say that they have already had type
	// conversions, validations, and default value handling applied to them.
	// Those are the responsibility of the graph notes representing the
	// variable declarations. Therefore here we just trust that we already
	// have a correct value.

	val, isSet := vals[addr.Name]
	if !isSet {
		// We should not be able to get here without having a valid value
		// for every variable, so this always indicates a bug in either
		// the graph builder (not including all the needed nodes) or in
		// the graph nodes representing variables.
		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  `Reference to unresolved input variable`,
			Detail: fmt.Sprintf(
				`The final value for %s is missing in OpenTofu's evaluation context. This is a bug in OpenTofu; please report it!`,
				addr.Absolute(d.ModulePath),
			),
			Subject: rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
		})
		val = cty.UnknownVal(config.Type)
	}

	// Mark the variable's value based on the configuration it's having
	if config.Sensitive {
		val = val.Mark(marks.Sensitive)
	}
	if config.Ephemeral {
		val = val.Mark(marks.Ephemeral)
	}

	return val, diags
}

func (d *evaluationStateData) GetLocalValue(_ context.Context, addr addrs.LocalValue, rng tfdiags.SourceRange) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics

	// First we'll make sure the requested value is declared in configuration,
	// so we can produce a nice message if not.
	moduleConfig := d.Evaluator.Config.DescendentForInstance(d.ModulePath)
	if moduleConfig == nil {
		// should never happen, since we can't be evaluating in a module
		// that wasn't mentioned in configuration.
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("local value read from %s, which has no configuration", d.ModulePath))
	}

	config := moduleConfig.Module.Locals[addr.Name]
	if config == nil {
		var suggestions []string
		for k := range moduleConfig.Module.Locals {
			suggestions = append(suggestions, k)
		}
		suggestion := didyoumean.NameSuggestion(addr.Name, suggestions)
		if suggestion != "" {
			suggestion = fmt.Sprintf(" Did you mean %q?", suggestion)
		}

		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  `Reference to undeclared local value`,
			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf(`A local value with the name %q has not been declared.%s`, addr.Name, suggestion),
			Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
		})
		return cty.DynamicVal, diags
	}

	val := d.Evaluator.State.LocalValue(addr.Absolute(d.ModulePath))
	if val == cty.NilVal {
		// Not evaluated yet?
		val = cty.DynamicVal
	}

	return val, diags
}

func (d *evaluationStateData) GetModule(_ context.Context, addr addrs.ModuleCall, rng tfdiags.SourceRange) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
	// Output results live in the module that declares them, which is one of
	// the child module instances of our current module path.
	moduleAddr := d.ModulePath.Module().Child(addr.Name)

	parentCfg := d.Evaluator.Config.DescendentForInstance(d.ModulePath)
	callConfig, ok := parentCfg.Module.ModuleCalls[addr.Name]
	if !ok {
		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  `Reference to undeclared module`,
			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf(`The configuration contains no %s.`, moduleAddr),
			Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
		})
		return cty.DynamicVal, diags
	}

	// We'll consult the configuration to see what output names we are
	// expecting, so we can ensure the resulting object is of the expected
	// type even if our data is incomplete for some reason.
	moduleConfig := d.Evaluator.Config.Descendent(moduleAddr)
	if moduleConfig == nil {
		// should never happen, since we have a valid module call above, this
		// should be caught during static validation.
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("output value read from %s, which has no configuration", moduleAddr))
	}
	outputConfigs := moduleConfig.Module.Outputs

	// Collect all the relevant outputs that current exist in the state.
	// We know the instance path up to this point, and the child module name,
	// so we only need to store these by instance key.
	stateMap := map[addrs.InstanceKey]map[string]cty.Value{}
	for _, output := range d.Evaluator.State.ModuleOutputs(d.ModulePath, addr) {
		val := output.Value
		if output.Sensitive {
			val = val.Mark(marks.Sensitive)
		}
		// Since states.OutputValue is for managing the state content, we don't want to
		// store in there the ephemeral attribute of the output.
		// Therefore, to be able to mark a child module output as ephemeral, we need
		// to check its configuration instead.
		outputCfg := outputConfigs[output.Addr.OutputValue.Name]
		if outputCfg != nil {
			if outputCfg.Ephemeral {
				val = val.Mark(marks.Ephemeral)
			}
		}
		if output.Deprecated != "" {
			val = marks.DeprecatedOutput(val, output.Addr, output.Deprecated, parentCfg.IsModuleCallFromRemoteModule(addr.Name))
		}

		_, callInstance := output.Addr.Module.CallInstance()
		instance, ok := stateMap[callInstance.Key]
		if !ok {
			instance = map[string]cty.Value{}
			stateMap[callInstance.Key] = instance
		}

		instance[output.Addr.OutputValue.Name] = val
	}

	// Get all changes that reside for this module call within our path.
	// The change contains the full addr, so we can key these with strings.
	changesMap := map[addrs.InstanceKey]map[string]*plans.OutputChangeSrc{}
	for _, change := range d.Evaluator.Changes.GetOutputChanges(d.ModulePath, addr) {
		_, callInstance := change.Addr.Module.CallInstance()
		instance, ok := changesMap[callInstance.Key]
		if !ok {
			instance = map[string]*plans.OutputChangeSrc{}
			changesMap[callInstance.Key] = instance
		}

		instance[change.Addr.OutputValue.Name] = change
	}

	// Build up all the module objects, creating a map of values for each
	// module instance.
	moduleInstances := map[addrs.InstanceKey]map[string]cty.Value{}

	// create a dummy object type for validation below
	unknownMap := map[string]cty.Type{}

	// the structure is based on the configuration, so iterate through all the
	// defined outputs, and add any instance state or changes we find.
	for _, cfg := range outputConfigs {
		// record the output names for validation
		unknownMap[cfg.Name] = cty.DynamicPseudoType

		// get all instance output for this path from the state
		for key, outputStates := range stateMap {
			outputState, ok := outputStates[cfg.Name]
			if !ok {
				continue
			}

			instance, ok := moduleInstances[key]
			if !ok {
				instance = map[string]cty.Value{}
				moduleInstances[key] = instance
			}

			instance[cfg.Name] = outputState
		}

		// any pending changes override the state state values
		for key, changes := range changesMap {
			changeSrc, ok := changes[cfg.Name]
			if !ok {
				continue
			}

			instance, ok := moduleInstances[key]
			if !ok {
				instance = map[string]cty.Value{}
				moduleInstances[key] = instance
			}

			change, err := changeSrc.Decode()
			if err != nil {
				// This should happen only if someone has tampered with a plan
				// file, so we won't bother with a pretty error for it.
				diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf("planned change for %s could not be decoded: %w", addr, err))
				instance[cfg.Name] = cty.DynamicVal
				continue
			}

			instance[cfg.Name] = change.After

			if change.Sensitive {
				instance[cfg.Name] = change.After.Mark(marks.Sensitive)
			}
			// This is necessary for cases where the change of the output is not generated by evaluation
			// an expression referencing ephemeral values, but the output block is configured as ephemeral.
			// Any other case where a change is generated by ephemeral values is not affected by the double marking.
			if cfg.Ephemeral {
				instance[cfg.Name] = change.After.Mark(marks.Ephemeral)
			}

			if cfg.Deprecated != "" {
				instance[cfg.Name] = marks.DeprecatedOutput(change.After, change.Addr, cfg.Deprecated, parentCfg.IsModuleCallFromRemoteModule(addr.Name))
			}
		}
	}

	var ret cty.Value

	// compile the outputs into the correct value type for the each mode
	switch {
	case callConfig.Count != nil:
		// figure out what the last index we have is
		length := -1
		for key := range moduleInstances {
			intKey, ok := key.(addrs.IntKey)
			if !ok {
				// old key from state which is being dropped
				continue
			}
			if int(intKey) >= length {
				length = int(intKey) + 1
			}
		}

		if length > 0 {
			vals := make([]cty.Value, length)
			for key, instance := range moduleInstances {
				intKey, ok := key.(addrs.IntKey)
				if !ok {
					// old key from state which is being dropped
					continue
				}

				vals[int(intKey)] = cty.ObjectVal(instance)
			}

			// Insert unknown values where there are any missing instances
			for i, v := range vals {
				if v.IsNull() {
					vals[i] = cty.DynamicVal
					continue
				}
			}
			ret = cty.TupleVal(vals)
		} else {
			ret = cty.EmptyTupleVal
		}

	case callConfig.ForEach != nil:
		vals := make(map[string]cty.Value)
		for key, instance := range moduleInstances {
			strKey, ok := key.(addrs.StringKey)
			if !ok {
				continue
			}

			vals[string(strKey)] = cty.ObjectVal(instance)
		}

		if len(vals) > 0 {
			ret = cty.ObjectVal(vals)
		} else {
			ret = cty.EmptyObjectVal
		}

	default:
		vals, ok := moduleInstances[addrs.NoKey]
		if !ok {
			if callConfig.Enabled == nil {
				// create the object if there wasn't one known
				vals = map[string]cty.Value{}
				for k := range outputConfigs {
					vals[k] = cty.DynamicVal
				}
				ret = cty.ObjectVal(vals)
			} else {
				// when we're using enabled it's okay to have no
				// instance, and the entire object is null.
				ret = cty.NullVal(cty.DynamicPseudoType)
			}
		} else {
			ret = cty.ObjectVal(vals)
		}
	}

	// The module won't be expanded during validation, so we need to return an
	// unknown value. This will ensure the types looks correct, since we built
	// the objects based on the configuration.
	if d.Operation == walkValidate {
		// While we know the type here and it would be nice to validate whether
		// indexes are valid or not, because tuples and objects have fixed
		// numbers of elements we can't simply return an unknown value of the
		// same type since we have not expanded any instances during
		// validation.
		//
		// In order to validate the expression a little precisely, we'll create
		// an unknown map or list here to get more type information.
		ty := cty.Object(unknownMap)
		switch {
		case callConfig.Count != nil:
			ret = cty.UnknownVal(cty.List(ty))
		case callConfig.ForEach != nil:
			ret = cty.UnknownVal(cty.Map(ty))
		default:
			ret = cty.UnknownVal(ty)
		}
	}

	return ret, diags
}

func (d *evaluationStateData) GetPathAttr(_ context.Context, addr addrs.PathAttr, rng tfdiags.SourceRange) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
	switch addr.Name {

	case "cwd":
		var err error
		var wd string
		if d.Evaluator.Meta != nil {
			// Meta is always non-nil in the normal case, but some test cases
			// are not so realistic.
			wd = d.Evaluator.Meta.OriginalWorkingDir
		}
		if wd == "" {
			wd, err = os.Getwd()
			if err != nil {
				diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
					Severity: hcl.DiagError,
					Summary:  `Failed to get working directory`,
					Detail:   fmt.Sprintf(`The value for path.cwd cannot be determined due to a system error: %s`, err),
					Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
				})
				return cty.DynamicVal, diags
			}
		}
		// The current working directory should always be absolute, whether we
		// just looked it up or whether we were relying on ContextMeta's
		// (possibly non-normalized) path.
		wd, err = filepath.Abs(wd)
		if err != nil {
			diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
				Severity: hcl.DiagError,
				Summary:  `Failed to get working directory`,
				Detail:   fmt.Sprintf(`The value for path.cwd cannot be determined due to a system error: %s`, err),
				Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
			})
			return cty.DynamicVal, diags
		}

		return cty.StringVal(filepath.ToSlash(wd)), diags

	case "module":
		moduleConfig := d.Evaluator.Config.DescendentForInstance(d.ModulePath)
		if moduleConfig == nil {
			// should never happen, since we can't be evaluating in a module
			// that wasn't mentioned in configuration.
			panic(fmt.Sprintf("module.path read from module %s, which has no configuration", d.ModulePath))
		}
		sourceDir := moduleConfig.Module.SourceDir
		return cty.StringVal(filepath.ToSlash(sourceDir)), diags

	case "root":
		sourceDir := d.Evaluator.Config.Module.SourceDir
		return cty.StringVal(filepath.ToSlash(sourceDir)), diags

	default:
		suggestion := didyoumean.NameSuggestion(addr.Name, []string{"cwd", "module", "root"})
		if suggestion != "" {
			suggestion = fmt.Sprintf(" Did you mean %q?", suggestion)
		}
		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  `Invalid "path" attribute`,
			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf(`The "path" object does not have an attribute named %q.%s`, addr.Name, suggestion),
			Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
		})
		return cty.DynamicVal, diags
	}
}

func (d *evaluationStateData) GetResource(ctx context.Context, addr addrs.Resource, rng tfdiags.SourceRange) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
	// First we'll consult the configuration to see if an resource of this
	// name is declared at all.
	moduleAddr := d.ModulePath
	moduleConfig := d.Evaluator.Config.DescendentForInstance(moduleAddr)
	if moduleConfig == nil {
		// should never happen, since we can't be evaluating in a module
		// that wasn't mentioned in configuration.
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("resource value read from %s, which has no configuration", moduleAddr))
	}

	config := moduleConfig.Module.ResourceByAddr(addr)
	if config == nil {
		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  `Reference to undeclared resource`,
			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf(`A resource %q %q has not been declared in %s`, addr.Type, addr.Name, moduleDisplayAddr(moduleAddr)),
			Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
		})
		return cty.DynamicVal, diags
	}

	// Build the provider address from configuration, since we may not have
	// state available in all cases.
	// We need to build an abs provider address, but we can use a default
	// instance since we're only interested in the schema.
	schema := d.getResourceSchema(ctx, addr, config.Provider)
	if schema == nil {
		// This shouldn't happen, since validation before we get here should've
		// taken care of it, but we'll show a reasonable error message anyway.
		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  `Missing resource type schema`,
			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf("No schema is available for %s in %s. This is a bug in OpenTofu and should be reported.", addr, config.Provider),
			Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
		})
		return cty.DynamicVal, diags
	}
	ty := schema.ImpliedType()

	rs := d.Evaluator.State.Resource(addr.Absolute(d.ModulePath))

	if rs == nil {
		switch d.Operation {
		case walkPlan, walkApply:
			// During plan and apply as we evaluate each removed instance they
			// are removed from the working state. Since we know there are no
			// instances, return an empty container of the expected type.
			switch {
			case config.Count != nil:
				return cty.EmptyTupleVal, diags
			case config.ForEach != nil:
				return cty.EmptyObjectVal, diags
			case config.Enabled != nil:
				return cty.NullVal(ty), diags
			default:
				// While we can reference an expanded resource with 0
				// instances, we cannot reference instances that do not exist.
				// Due to the fact that we may have direct references to
				// instances that may end up in a root output during destroy
				// (since a planned destroy cannot yet remove root outputs), we
				// need to return a dynamic value here to allow evaluation to
				// continue.
				log.Printf("[ERROR] unknown instance %q referenced during %s", addr.Absolute(d.ModulePath), d.Operation)
				return cty.DynamicVal, diags
			}

		case walkImport:
			// Import does not yet plan resource changes, so new resources from
			// config are not going to be found here. Once walkImport fully
			// plans resources, this case should not longer be needed.
			// In the single instance case, we can return a typed unknown value
			// for the instance to better satisfy other expressions using the
			// value. This of course will not help if statically known
			// attributes are expected to be known elsewhere, but reduces the
			// number of problematic configs for now.
			// Unlike in plan and apply above we can't be sure the count or
			// for_each instances are empty, so we return a DynamicVal. We
			// don't really have a good value to return otherwise -- empty
			// values will fail for direct index expressions, and unknown
			// Lists and Maps could fail in some type unifications.
			switch {
			case config.Count != nil:
				return cty.DynamicVal, diags
			case config.ForEach != nil:
				return cty.DynamicVal, diags
			default:
				return cty.UnknownVal(ty), diags
			}

		default:
			if config.Count != nil || config.ForEach != nil {
				val := cty.DynamicVal
				if schema.Ephemeral {
					val = val.Mark(marks.Ephemeral)
				}
				return val, diags
			}
			// We should only end up here during the validate walk,
			// since later walks should have at least partial states populated
			// for all resources in the configuration.
			if schema.ContainsMarks() && config.Enabled == nil {
				val := schema.UnknownValue()
				schemaMarks := schema.ValueMarks(val, nil, addr, moduleConfig.IsRemoteModule())
				val = val.MarkWithPaths(schemaMarks)
				return val, diags
			}
			return cty.UnknownVal(ty), diags
		}
	}

	// Fetch all instance data in a single call.  We previously used GetResourceInstanceChange in
	// each loop iteration which caused n^2 locking contention.  This is especially problematic for
	// resources with large count/for_each.
	instChanges := d.Evaluator.Changes.GetChangesForConfigResource(addr.InModule(moduleConfig.Path))
	instMap := map[string]*plans.ResourceInstanceChangeSrc{}
	for _, rc := range instChanges {
		if rc.DeposedKey == states.NotDeposed {
			instMap[rc.Addr.String()] = rc
		}
	}

	// Decode all instances in the current state
	instances := map[addrs.InstanceKey]cty.Value{}
	pendingDestroy := d.Operation == walkDestroy
	for key, instance := range rs.Instances {
		if instance == nil || instance.Current == nil {
			// Assume we're dealing with an instance that hasn't been created yet.
			instances[key] = cty.UnknownVal(ty)
			continue
		}

		instAddr := addr.Instance(key).Absolute(d.ModulePath)

		if instAddr.Resource.Resource.Mode == addrs.EphemeralResourceMode {
			v, ephDiags := d.getEphemeralResourceInstanceValue(schema, instAddr, instance, config, moduleConfig)
			diags = diags.Append(ephDiags)
			instances[key] = v
			continue
		}
		change := instMap[instAddr.String()]
		if change != nil {
			// Don't take any resources that are yet to be deleted into account.
			// If the referenced resource is CreateBeforeDestroy, then orphaned
			// instances will be in the state, as they are not destroyed until
			// after their dependants are updated.
			if change.Action == plans.Delete {
				if !pendingDestroy {
					continue
				}
			}
		}

		// Planned resources are temporarily stored in state with empty values,
		// and need to be replaced by the planned value here.
		if instance.Current.Status == states.ObjectPlanned {
			if change == nil {
				// If the object is in planned status then we should not get
				// here, since we should have found a pending value in the plan
				// above instead.
				diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
					Severity: hcl.DiagError,
					Summary:  "Missing pending object in plan",
					Detail:   fmt.Sprintf("Instance %s is marked as having a change pending but that change is not recorded in the plan. This is a bug in OpenTofu; please report it.", instAddr),
					Subject:  &config.DeclRange,
				})
				continue
			}
			val, err := change.After.Decode(ty)
			if err != nil {
				diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
					Severity: hcl.DiagError,
					Summary:  "Invalid resource instance data in plan",
					Detail:   fmt.Sprintf("Instance %s data could not be decoded from the plan: %s.", instAddr, err),
					Subject:  &config.DeclRange,
				})
				continue
			}

			afterMarks := change.AfterValMarks
			if schema.ContainsMarks() {
				if schema.Ephemeral {
					// Since we are preparing to mark the whole value as ephemeral, we want to remove any other
					// possible downstream ephemeral marks to avoid having the same mark on multiple layers.
					afterMarks = removeEphemeralMarks(afterMarks)
				}
				// Now that we know that the schema contains sensitive and/or ephemeral marks,
				// Combine those marks together to ensure that the value is marked correctly but not double marked
				schemaMarks := schema.ValueMarks(val, nil, addr, moduleConfig.IsRemoteModule())
				afterMarks = combinePathValueMarks(afterMarks, schemaMarks)
			}

			instances[key] = val.MarkWithPaths(afterMarks)

			continue
		}

		instanceObjectSrc, err := instance.Current.Decode(ty)
		if err != nil {
			// This shouldn't happen, since by the time we get here we
			// should have upgraded the state data already.
			diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
				Severity: hcl.DiagError,
				Summary:  "Invalid resource instance data in state",
				Detail:   fmt.Sprintf("Instance %s data could not be decoded from the state: %s.", instAddr, err),
				Subject:  &config.DeclRange,
			})
			continue
		}

		val := instanceObjectSrc.Value
		instances[key] = markedValueBySchema(addr, moduleConfig, schema, val)
	}

	// ret should be populated with a valid value in all cases below
	var ret cty.Value

	switch {
	case config.Count != nil:
		// figure out what the last index we have is
		length := -1
		for key := range instances {
			intKey, ok := key.(addrs.IntKey)
			if !ok {
				continue
			}
			if int(intKey) >= length {
				length = int(intKey) + 1
			}
		}

		if length > 0 {
			vals := make([]cty.Value, length)
			for key, instance := range instances {
				intKey, ok := key.(addrs.IntKey)
				if !ok {
					// old key from state, which isn't valid for evaluation
					continue
				}

				vals[int(intKey)] = instance
			}

			// Insert unknown values where there are any missing instances
			for i, v := range vals {
				if v == cty.NilVal {
					vals[i] = cty.UnknownVal(ty)
				}
			}
			ret = cty.TupleVal(vals)
		} else {
			ret = cty.EmptyTupleVal
		}

	case config.ForEach != nil:
		vals := make(map[string]cty.Value)
		for key, instance := range instances {
			strKey, ok := key.(addrs.StringKey)
			if !ok {
				// old key that is being dropped and not used for evaluation
				continue
			}
			vals[string(strKey)] = instance
		}

		if len(vals) > 0 {
			// We use an object rather than a map here because resource schemas
			// may include dynamically-typed attributes, which will then cause
			// each instance to potentially have a different runtime type even
			// though they all conform to the static schema.
			ret = cty.ObjectVal(vals)
		} else {
			ret = cty.EmptyObjectVal
		}
	case config.Enabled != nil:
		val, ok := instances[addrs.NoKey]
		if ok {
			ret = val
		} else {
			// When we're using enabled, it's okay to have no
			// instance, and the entire object is null because
			// this needs to be propagated to the caller.
			ret = cty.NullVal(ty)
		}
	default:
		val, ok := instances[addrs.NoKey]
		if !ok {
			// if the instance is missing, insert an unknown value
			val = cty.UnknownVal(ty)
		}

		ret = val
	}

	return ret, diags
}

func markedValueBySchema(addr addrs.Resource, moduleConfig *configs.Config, schema *configschema.Block, val cty.Value) cty.Value {
	if !schema.ContainsMarks() {
		return val
	}
	var valMarks []cty.PathValueMarks
	// Now that we know that the schema contains sensitive and/or ephemeral marks,
	// Combine those marks together to ensure that the value is marked correctly but not double marked
	val, valMarks = val.UnmarkDeepWithPaths()
	schemaMarks := schema.ValueMarks(val, nil, addr, moduleConfig.IsRemoteModule())
	if schema.Ephemeral {
		// Since we are preparing to mark the whole value as ephemeral, we want to remove any other
		// possible downstream ephemeral marks to avoid having the same mark on multiple layers.
		valMarks = removeEphemeralMarks(valMarks)
	}
	combined := combinePathValueMarks(valMarks, schemaMarks)
	return val.MarkWithPaths(combined)
}

func (d *evaluationStateData) getResourceSchema(ctx context.Context, addr addrs.Resource, providerAddr addrs.Provider) *configschema.Block {
	// TODO: Plumb a useful context.Context through to here.
	schema, _, diags := d.Evaluator.Plugins.ResourceTypeSchema(ctx, providerAddr, addr.Mode, addr.Type)
	if diags.HasErrors() {
		// We have plenty of other codepaths that will detect and report
		// schema lookup errors before we'd reach this point, so we'll just
		// treat a failure here the same as having no schema.
		return nil
	}
	return schema
}

func (d *evaluationStateData) GetTerraformAttr(_ context.Context, addr addrs.TerraformAttr, rng tfdiags.SourceRange) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
	switch addr.Name {
	case "applying":
		if d.Evaluator.Operation == walkApply || d.Evaluator.Operation == walkDestroy {
			return cty.True.Mark(marks.Ephemeral), nil
		}
		return cty.False.Mark(marks.Ephemeral), nil

	case "workspace":
		workspaceName := d.Evaluator.Meta.Env
		return cty.StringVal(workspaceName), diags

	case "env":
		// Prior to Terraform 0.12 there was an attribute "env", which was
		// an alias name for "workspace". This was deprecated and is now
		// removed.
		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  fmt.Sprintf("Invalid %q attribute", addr.Alias),
			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf(`The %s.env attribute was deprecated in v0.10 and removed in v0.12. The "state environment" concept was renamed to "workspace" in v0.12, and so the workspace name can now be accessed using the %s.workspace attribute.`, addr.Alias, addr.Alias),
			Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
		})
		return cty.DynamicVal, diags

	default:
		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  fmt.Sprintf("Invalid %q attribute", addr.Alias),
			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf(`The %q object does not have an attribute named %q. The only supported attribute is %s.workspace, the name of the currently-selected workspace.`, addr.Alias, addr.Name, addr.Alias),
			Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
		})
		return cty.DynamicVal, diags
	}
}

func (d *evaluationStateData) GetOutput(_ context.Context, addr addrs.OutputValue, rng tfdiags.SourceRange) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics

	// First we'll make sure the requested value is declared in configuration,
	// so we can produce a nice message if not.
	moduleConfig := d.Evaluator.Config.DescendentForInstance(d.ModulePath)
	if moduleConfig == nil {
		// should never happen, since we can't be evaluating in a module
		// that wasn't mentioned in configuration.
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("output value read from %s, which has no configuration", d.ModulePath))
	}

	config := moduleConfig.Module.Outputs[addr.Name]
	if config == nil {
		var suggestions []string
		for k := range moduleConfig.Module.Outputs {
			suggestions = append(suggestions, k)
		}
		suggestion := didyoumean.NameSuggestion(addr.Name, suggestions)
		if suggestion != "" {
			suggestion = fmt.Sprintf(" Did you mean %q?", suggestion)
		}

		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  `Reference to undeclared output value`,
			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf(`An output value with the name %q has not been declared.%s`, addr.Name, suggestion),
			Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
		})
		return cty.DynamicVal, diags
	}

	output := d.Evaluator.State.OutputValue(addr.Absolute(d.ModulePath))

	// https://github.com/opentofu/opentofu/issues/257
	// If the output is null - it does not serialize as part of the node_output state https://github.com/opentofu/opentofu/blob/4b623c56ffe9e6c1dc345e54470b71b0f261297a/internal/tofu/node_output.go#L592-L596
	// In such a case, we should simply return a nil value because OpenTofu test crash to evaluate for invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference
	if output == nil {
		return cty.NilVal, diags
	} else {
		val := output.Value
		if val == cty.NilVal {
			// Not evaluated yet?
			val = cty.DynamicVal
		}

		if output.Sensitive {
			val = val.Mark(marks.Sensitive)
		}
		// TODO ephemeral testing support - this GetOutput is used only during `tofu test` against root module outputs.
		//  Therefore, since only the root module outputs can get in here, there is no reason to mark
		//  values with ephemeral. Reanalyse this when implementing the testing support.
		// if config.Ephemeral {
		// 	val = val.Mark(marks.Ephemeral)
		// }
		if config.Deprecated != "" {
			isRemote := false
			if p := moduleConfig.Path; p != nil && !p.IsRoot() {
				_, call := p.Call()
				isRemote = moduleConfig.IsModuleCallFromRemoteModule(call.Name)
			}
			val = marks.DeprecatedOutput(val, output.Addr, config.Deprecated, isRemote)
		}

		return val, diags
	}
}

func (d *evaluationStateData) GetCheckBlock(_ context.Context, addr addrs.Check, rng tfdiags.SourceRange) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
	// For now, check blocks don't contain any meaningful data and can only
	// be referenced from the testing scope within an expect_failures attribute.
	//
	// We've added them into the scope explicitly since they are referenceable,
	// but we'll actually just return an error message saying they can't be
	// referenced in this context.
	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
	diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
		Severity: hcl.DiagError,
		Summary:  "Reference to \"check\" in invalid context",
		Detail:   "The \"check\" object can only be referenced from an \"expect_failures\" attribute within a OpenTofu testing \"run\" block.",
		Subject:  rng.ToHCL().Ptr(),
	})
	return cty.NilVal, diags
}

// getEphemeralResourceInstanceValue returns the value of the ephemeral instance from the state object.
// The state object carries also a deferral information so if it was deferred, it cannot return the value
// since such a value contains only the values from the configuration so we want to return unknown values
// for all the other attributes.
func (d *evaluationStateData) getEphemeralResourceInstanceValue(schema *configschema.Block, addr addrs.AbsResourceInstance, ris *states.ResourceInstance, config *configs.Resource, moduleConfig *configs.Config) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
	ty := schema.ImpliedType()
	// During validate, ephemeral values are not opened
	if d.Operation == walkValidate {
		return cty.UnknownVal(ty).Mark(marks.Ephemeral), nil
	}
	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
	v, err := ris.Current.Decode(ty)
	if err != nil {
		return cty.UnknownVal(ty).Mark(marks.Ephemeral), diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
			Summary:  "Invalid resource instance data in state",
			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf("Instance %s data could not be decoded from the state: %s.", addr, err),
			Subject:  &config.DeclRange,
		})
	}
	// If we would return cty.UnknownVal(ty), then whatever other ephemeral resources using the config
	// values of the defered instance would be deferred too.
	// Instead, we want to return as much information as possible for the requested ephemeral resource.
	// But, during the encoding of the deferred value, the unknown fields are converted to nil and are not converted back
	// because of https://github.com/opentofu/opentofu/blob/cba3902c0bf20531ee27d6c76e907fa7348b74e6/internal/states/instance_object.go#L116-L118.
	// Therefore, we use the same function to convert null values to unknowns and keep as much of the configuration
	// of the resource in the returned value.
	if v.Deferred {
		return objchange.PlannedUnknownObject(schema, v.Value).Mark(marks.Ephemeral), nil
	}

	return markedValueBySchema(addr.Resource.Resource, moduleConfig, schema, v.Value), nil
}

// moduleDisplayAddr returns a string describing the given module instance
// address that is appropriate for returning to users in situations where the
// root module is possible. Specifically, it returns "the root module" if the
// root module instance is given, or a string representation of the module
// address otherwise.
func moduleDisplayAddr(addr addrs.ModuleInstance) string {
	switch {
	case addr.IsRoot():
		return "the root module"
	default:
		return addr.String()
	}
}
