Chapter 4. Advanced Usage
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# Chapter 4. Advanced Usage

## 1. Character Set Handling

A “character set” is basically a mapping between bytes and glyphs and implies a certain character encoding scheme. For example, for the ISO 8859 family of character sets, an encoding of 8bit per character is used. For the Unicode character set, different character encodings may be used, UTF-8 being the most popular. In UTF-8, a character is represented using a variable number of bytes ranging from 1 to 4.

Since Mutt is a command-line tool run from a shell, and delegates certain tasks to external tools (such as an editor for composing/editing messages), all of these tools need to agree on a character set and encoding. There exists no way to reliably deduce the character set a plain text file has. Interoperability is gained by the use of well-defined environment variables. The full set can be printed by issuing `locale` on the command line.

Upon startup, Mutt determines the character set on its own using routines that inspect locale-specific environment variables. Therefore, it is generally not necessary to set the `$charset` variable in Mutt. It may even be counter-productive as Mutt uses system and library functions that derive the character set themselves and on which Mutt has no influence. It's safest to let Mutt work out the locale setup itself.

If you happen to work with several character sets on a regular basis, it's highly advisable to use Unicode and an UTF-8 locale. Unicode can represent nearly all characters in a message at the same time. When not using a Unicode locale, it may happen that you receive messages with characters not representable in your locale. When displaying such a message, or replying to or forwarding it, information may get lost possibly rendering the message unusable (not only for you but also for the recipient, this breakage is not reversible as lost information cannot be guessed).

A Unicode locale makes all conversions superfluous which eliminates the risk of conversion errors. It also eliminates potentially wrong expectations about the character set between Mutt and external programs.

The terminal emulator used also must be properly configured for the current locale. Terminal emulators usually do not derive the locale from environment variables, they need to be configured separately. If the terminal is incorrectly configured, Mutt may display random and unexpected characters (question marks, octal codes, or just random glyphs), format strings may not work as expected, you may not be abled to enter non-ascii characters, and possible more. Data is always represented using bytes and so a correct setup is very important as to the machine, all character sets “look” the same.

Warning: A mismatch between what system and library functions think the locale is and what Mutt was told what the locale is may make it behave badly with non-ascii input: it will fail at seemingly random places. This warning is to be taken seriously since not only local mail handling may suffer: sent messages may carry wrong character set information the receiver has too deal with. The need to set `$charset` directly in most cases points at terminal and environment variable setup problems, not Mutt problems.

A list of officially assigned and known character sets can be found at IANA, a list of locally supported locales can be obtained by running `locale -a`.

## 2. Regular Expressions

All string patterns in Mutt including those in more complex patterns must be specified using regular expressions (regexp) in the “POSIX extended” syntax (which is more or less the syntax used by egrep and GNU awk). For your convenience, we have included below a brief description of this syntax.

The search is case sensitive if the pattern contains at least one upper case letter, and case insensitive otherwise.

### Note

“\” must be quoted if used for a regular expression in an initialization command: “\\”.

A regular expression is a pattern that describes a set of strings. Regular expressions are constructed analogously to arithmetic expressions, by using various operators to combine smaller expressions.

### Note

The regular expression can be enclosed/delimited by either " or ' which is useful if the regular expression includes a white-space character. See Syntax of Initialization Files for more information on " and ' delimiter processing. To match a literal " or ' you must preface it with \ (backslash).

The fundamental building blocks are the regular expressions that match a single character. Most characters, including all letters and digits, are regular expressions that match themselves. Any metacharacter with special meaning may be quoted by preceding it with a backslash.

The period “.” matches any single character. The caret “^” and the dollar sign “$” are metacharacters that respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a line.

A list of characters enclosed by “[” and “]” matches any single character in that list; if the first character of the list is a caret “^” then it matches any character not in the list. For example, the regular expression [0123456789] matches any single digit. A range of ASCII characters may be specified by giving the first and last characters, separated by a hyphen “-”. Most metacharacters lose their special meaning inside lists. To include a literal “]” place it first in the list. Similarly, to include a literal “^” place it anywhere but first. Finally, to include a literal hyphen “-” place it last.

Certain named classes of characters are predefined. Character classes consist of “[:”, a keyword denoting the class, and “:]”. The following classes are defined by the POSIX standard in Table 4.1, “POSIX regular expression character classes”

Table 4.1. POSIX regular expression character classes

Character class | Description
--- | ---
[:alnum:] | Alphanumeric characters
[:alpha:] | Alphabetic characters
[:blank:] | Space or tab characters
[:cntrl:] | Control characters
[:digit:] | Numeric characters
[:graph:] | Characters that are both printable and visible. (A space is printable, but not visible, while an “a” is both)
[:lower:] | Lower-case alphabetic characters
[:print:] | Printable characters (characters that are not control characters)
[:punct:] | Punctuation characters (characters that are not letter, digits, control characters, or space characters)
[:space:] | Space characters (such as space, tab and formfeed, to name a few)
[:upper:] | Upper-case alphabetic characters
[:xdigit:] | Characters that are hexadecimal digits

A character class is only valid in a regular expression inside the brackets of a character list.

### Note

Note that the brackets in these class names are part of the symbolic names, and must be included in addition to the brackets delimiting the bracket list. For example, [[:digit:]] is equivalent to [0-9].

Two additional special sequences can appear in character lists. These apply to non-ASCII character sets, which can have single symbols (called collating elements) that are represented with more than one character, as well as several characters that are equivalent for collating or sorting purposes:

Collating Symbols

  A collating symbol is a multi-character collating element enclosed in “[.” and “.]”. For example, if “ch” is a collating element, then [[.ch.]] is a regexp that matches this collating element, while [ch] is a regexp that matches either “c” or “h”.

Equivalence Classes

  An equivalence class is a locale-specific name for a list of characters that are equivalent. The name is enclosed in “[=” and “=]”. For example, the name “e” might be used to represent all of “e” with grave (“è”), “e” with acute (“é”) and “e”. In this case, [[=e=]] is a regexp that matches any of: “e” with grave (“è”), “e” with acute (“é”) and “e”.

A regular expression matching a single character may be followed by one of several repetition operators described in Table 4.2, “Regular expression repetition operators”.

Table 4.2. Regular expression repetition operators

Operator | Description
--- | ---
? | The preceding item is optional and matched at most once
* | The preceding item will be matched zero or more times
+ | The preceding item will be matched one or more times
{n} | The preceding item is matched exactly n times
{n,} | The preceding item is matched n or more times
{,m} | The preceding item is matched at most m times
{n,m} | The preceding item is matched at least n times, but no more than m times

Two regular expressions may be concatenated; the resulting regular expression matches any string formed by concatenating two substrings that respectively match the concatenated subexpressions.

Two regular expressions may be joined by the infix operator “|”; the resulting regular expression matches any string matching either subexpression.

Repetition takes precedence over concatenation, which in turn takes precedence over alternation. A whole subexpression may be enclosed in parentheses to override these precedence rules.

### Note

If you compile Mutt with the included regular expression engine, the following operators may also be used in regular expressions as described in Table 4.3, “GNU regular expression extensions”.

Table 4.3. GNU regular expression extensions

Expression | Description
--- | ---
\\y | Matches the empty string at either the beginning or the end of a word
\\B | Matches the empty string within a word
\\< | Matches the empty string at the beginning of a word
\\> | Matches the empty string at the end of a word
\\w | Matches any word-constituent character (letter, digit, or underscore)
\\W | Matches any character that is not word-constituent
\\` | Matches the empty string at the beginning of a buffer (string)
\\' | Matches the empty string at the end of a buffer

Please note however that these operators are not defined by POSIX, so they may or may not be available in stock libraries on various systems.

## 3. Patterns: Searching, Limiting and Tagging

### 3.1. Pattern Modifier

Many of Mutt's commands allow you to specify a pattern to match (`limit`, `tag-pattern`, `delete-pattern`, etc.). Table 4.4, “Pattern modifiers” shows several ways to select messages.

Table 4.4. Pattern modifiers

Pattern modifier | Description
--- | ---
~A | all messages
~b EXPR | messages which contain EXPR in the message body ***)
=b STRING | If IMAP is enabled, like ~b but searches for STRING on the server, rather than downloading each message and searching it locally.
~B EXPR | messages which contain EXPR in the whole message ***)
=B STRING | If IMAP is enabled, like ~B but searches for STRING on the server, rather than downloading each message and searching it locally.
~c EXPR | messages carbon-copied to EXPR
%c GROUP | messages carbon-copied to any member of GROUP
~C EXPR | messages to:, cc:, or bcc: EXPR
%C GROUP | messages to:, cc:, or bcc: to any member of GROUP
~d [MIN]-[MAX] | messages with “date-sent” in a Date range
~D | deleted messages
~e EXPR | messages which contains EXPR in the “Sender” field
%e GROUP | messages which contain a member of GROUP in the “Sender” field
~E | expired messages
~F | flagged messages
~f EXPR | messages originating from EXPR
%f GROUP | messages originating from any member of GROUP
~g | cryptographically signed messages
~G | cryptographically encrypted messages
~h EXPR | messages which contain EXPR in the message header ***)
=h STRING | If IMAP is enabled, like ~h but searches for STRING on the server, rather than downloading each message and searching it locally; STRING must be of the form “header: substring” (see below).
~H EXPR | messages with a spam attribute matching EXPR
~i EXPR | messages which match EXPR in the “Message-ID” field
~k | messages which contain PGP key material
~L EXPR | messages either originated or received by EXPR
%L GROUP | message either originated or received by any member of GROUP
~l | messages addressed to a known mailing list
~m [MIN]-[MAX] | messages in the range MIN to MAX *)
~M EXPR | messages which contain a mime Content-Type matching EXPR ***)
~n [MIN]-[MAX] | messages with a score in the range MIN to MAX *)
~N | new messages
~O | old messages
~p | messages addressed to you (consults $from, alternates, and local account/hostname information)
~P | messages from you (consults $from, alternates, and local account/hostname information)
~Q | messages which have been replied to
~r [MIN]-[MAX] | messages with “date-received” in a Date range
~R | read messages
~s EXPR | messages having EXPR in the “Subject” field.
~S | superseded messages
~t EXPR | messages addressed to EXPR
~T | tagged messages
~u | messages addressed to a subscribed mailing list
~U | unread messages
~v | messages part of a collapsed thread.
~V | cryptographically verified messages
~x EXPR | messages which contain EXPR in the “References” or “In-Reply-To” field
~X [MIN]-[MAX] | messages with MIN to MAX attachments *) ***)
~y EXPR | messages which contain EXPR in the “X-Label” field
~z [MIN]-[MAX] | messages with a size in the range MIN to MAX *) **)
~= | duplicated messages (see $duplicate_threads)
~$ | unreferenced messages (requires threaded view)
~(PATTERN) | messages in threads containing messages matching PATTERN, e.g. all threads containing messages from you: ~(~P)
~<(PATTERN) | messages whose immediate parent matches PATTERN, e.g. replies to your messages: ~<(~P)
~>(PATTERN) | messages having an immediate child matching PATTERN, e.g. messages you replied to: ~>(~P)

Where EXPR is a regular expression, and GROUP is an address group.

*) The forms “<[MAX]”, “>[MIN]”, “[MIN]-” and “-[MAX]” are allowed, too.

**) The suffixes “K” and “M” are allowed to specify kilobyte and megabyte respectively.

***) These patterns read each message in, and can therefore be much slower. Over IMAP this will entail downloading each message. They can not be used for message scoring, and it is recommended to avoid using them for index coloring.

Special attention has to be paid when using regular expressions inside of patterns. Specifically, Mutt's parser for these patterns will strip one level of backslash (“\”), which is normally used for quoting. If it is your intention to use a backslash in the regular expression, you will need to use two backslashes instead (“\\”).

You can force Mutt to treat EXPR as a simple string instead of a regular expression by using = instead of ~ in the pattern name. For example, `=b *.*` will find all messages that contain the literal string “*.*”. Simple string matches are less powerful than regular expressions but can be considerably faster.

For IMAP folders, string matches `=b`, `=B`, and `=h` will be performed on the server instead of by fetching every message. IMAP treats `=h` specially: it must be of the form “header: substring” and will not partially match header names. The substring part may be omitted if you simply wish to find messages containing a particular header without regard to its value.

Patterns matching lists of addresses (notably c, C, p, P and t) match if there is at least one match in the whole list. If you want to make sure that all elements of that list match, you need to prefix your pattern with “^”. This example matches all mails which only has recipients from Germany.

Example 4.1. Matching all addresses in address lists

    ^~C \.de$

You can restrict address pattern matching to aliases that you have defined with the "@" modifier. This example matches messages whose recipients are all from Germany, and who are known to your alias list.

Example 4.2. Matching restricted to aliases

    ^@~C \.de$

To match any defined alias, use a regular expression that matches any string. This example matches messages whose senders are known aliases.

Example 4.3. Matching any defined alias

    @~f .

### 3.2. Simple Searches

Mutt supports two versions of so called “simple searches”. These are issued if the query entered for searching, limiting and similar operations does not seem to contain a valid pattern modifier (i.e. it does not contain one of these characters: “~”, “=” or “%”). If the query is supposed to contain one of these special characters, they must be escaped by prepending a backslash (“\”).

The first type is by checking whether the query string equals a keyword case-insensitively from Table 4.5, “Simple search keywords”: If that is the case, Mutt will use the shown pattern modifier instead. If a keyword would conflict with your search keyword, you need to turn it into a regular expression to avoid matching the keyword table. For example, if you want to find all messages matching “flag” (using $simple_search) but don't want to match flagged messages, simply search for “`[f]lag`”.

Table 4.5. Simple search keywords

Keyword | Pattern modifier
--- | ---
all | ~A
. | ~A
^ | ~A
del | ~D
flag | ~F
new | ~N
old | ~O
repl | ~Q
read | ~R
tag | ~T
unread | ~U

The second type of simple search is to build a complex search pattern using $simple_search as a template. Mutt will insert your query properly quoted and search for the composed complex query.

### 3.3. Nesting and Boolean Operators

Logical AND is performed by specifying more than one criterion. For example:

    ~t mutt ~f elkins

would select messages which contain the word “mutt” in the list of recipients and that have the word “elkins” in the “From” header field.

Mutt also recognizes the following operators to create more complex search patterns:

- ! — logical NOT operator

- | — logical OR operator

- () — logical grouping operator

Here is an example illustrating a complex search pattern. This pattern will select all messages which do not contain “mutt” in the “To” or “Cc” field and which are from “elkins”.

Example 4.4. Using boolean operators in patterns

    !(~t mutt|~c mutt) ~f elkins

Here is an example using white space in the regular expression (note the “'” and “"” delimiters). For this to match, the mail's subject must match the “^Junk +From +Me$” and it must be from either “Jim +Somebody” or “Ed +SomeoneElse”:

    '~s "^Junk +From +Me$" ~f ("Jim +Somebody"|"Ed +SomeoneElse")'

### Note

If a regular expression contains parenthesis, or a vertical bar ("|"), you must enclose the expression in double or single quotes since those characters are also used to separate different parts of Mutt's pattern language. For example: `~f "me@(mutt\.org|cs\.hmc\.edu)"` Without the quotes, the parenthesis wouldn't end. This would be separated to two OR'd patterns: ~f me@(mutt\.org and cs\.hmc\.edu). They are never what you want.

### 3.4. Searching by Date

Mutt supports two types of dates, absolute and relative.

#### 3.4.1. Absolute Dates

Dates must be in DD/MM/YY format (month and year are optional, defaulting to the current month and year) or YYYYMMDD. An example of a valid range of dates is:

    Limit to messages matching: ~d 20/1/95-31/10
    Limit to messages matching: ~d 19950120-19951031

If you omit the minimum (first) date, and just specify “-DD/MM/YY” or “-YYYYMMDD”, all messages before the given date will be selected. If you omit the maximum (second) date, and specify “DD/MM/YY-”, all messages after the given date will be selected. If you specify a single date with no dash (“-”), only messages sent on the given date will be selected.

You can add error margins to absolute dates. An error margin is a sign (+ or -), followed by a digit, followed by one of the units in Table 4.6, “Date units”. As a special case, you can replace the sign by a “*” character, which is equivalent to giving identical plus and minus error margins.

Table 4.6. Date units

Unit | Description
--- | ---
y | Years
m | Months
w | Weeks
d | Days

Example: To select any messages two weeks around January 15, 2001, you'd use the following pattern:

    Limit to messages matching: ~d 15/1/2001*2w

#### 3.4.2. Relative Dates

This type of date is relative to the current date, and may be specified as:

- >offset for messages older than offset units

- <offset for messages newer than offset units

- =offset for messages exactly offset units old

offset is specified as a positive number with one of the units from Table 4.7, “Relative date units”.

Table 4.7. Relative date units

Unit | Description
--- | ---
y | Years
m | Months
w | Weeks
d | Days
H | Hours
M | Minutes
S | Seconds

Example: to select messages less than 1 month old, you would use

    Limit to messages matching: ~d <1m

### Note

All dates used when searching are relative to the local time zone, so unless you change the setting of your $index_format to include a `%[...]` format, these are not the dates shown in the main index.

## 4. Marking Messages

There are times that it's useful to ask Mutt to "remember" which message you're currently looking at, while you move elsewhere in your mailbox. You can do this with the “mark-message” operator, which is bound to the “~” key by default. Press this key to enter an identifier for the marked message. When you want to return to this message, press “'” and the name that you previously entered.

(Message marking is really just a shortcut for defining a macro that returns you to the current message by searching for its Message-ID. You can choose a different prefix by setting the $mark_macro_prefix variable.)

## 5. Using Tags

Sometimes it is desirable to perform an operation on a group of messages all at once rather than one at a time. An example might be to save messages to a mailing list to a separate folder, or to delete all messages with a given subject. To tag all messages matching a pattern, use the `<tag-pattern>` function, which is bound to “shift-T” by default. Or you can select individual messages by hand using the `<tag-message>` function, which is bound to “t” by default. See patterns for Mutt's pattern matching syntax.

Once you have tagged the desired messages, you can use the “tag-prefix” operator, which is the “;” (semicolon) key by default. When the “tag-prefix” operator is used, the next operation will be applied to all tagged messages if that operation can be used in that manner. If the $auto_tag variable is set, the next operation applies to the tagged messages automatically, without requiring the “tag-prefix”.

In macros or push commands, you can use the `<tag-prefix-cond>` operator. If there are no tagged messages, Mutt will “eat” the rest of the macro to abort it's execution. Mutt will stop “eating” the macro when it encounters the `<end-cond>` operator; after this operator the rest of the macro will be executed as normal.

## 6. Using Hooks

A hook is a concept found in many other programs which allows you to execute arbitrary commands before performing some operation. For example, you may wish to tailor your configuration based upon which mailbox you are reading, or to whom you are sending mail. In the Mutt world, a hook consists of a regular expression or pattern along with a configuration option/command. See:

- account-hook

- charset-hook

- crypt-hook

- fcc-hook

- fcc-save-hook

- folder-hook

- iconv-hook

- index-format-hook

- mbox-hook

- message-hook

- reply-hook

- save-hook

- send-hook

- send2-hook

for specific details on each type of hook available. Also see Message Composition Flow for an overview of the composition process.

### Note

If a hook changes configuration settings, these changes remain effective until the end of the current Mutt session. As this is generally not desired, a “default” hook needs to be added before all other hooks of that type to restore configuration defaults.

Example 4.5. Specifying a “default” hook

    send-hook . 'unmy_hdr From:'
    send-hook ~C'^b@b\.b$' my_hdr from: c@c.c

In Example 4.5, “Specifying a “default” hook”, by default the value of $from and $realname is not overridden. When sending messages either To: or Cc: to `<b@b.b>`, the From: header is changed to `<c@c.c>`.

### 6.1. Message Matching in Hooks

Hooks that act upon messages (message-hook, reply-hook, send-hook, send2-hook, save-hook, fcc-hook, index-format-hook) are evaluated in a slightly different manner. For the other types of hooks, a regular expression is sufficient. But in dealing with messages a finer grain of control is needed for matching since for different purposes you want to match different criteria.

Mutt allows the use of the search pattern language for matching messages in hook commands. This works in exactly the same way as it would when limiting or searching the mailbox, except that you are restricted to those operators which match information Mutt extracts from the header of the message (i.e., from, to, cc, date, subject, etc.).

For example, if you wanted to set your return address based upon sending mail to a specific address, you could do something like:

    send-hook '~t ^me@cs\.hmc\.edu$' 'my_hdr From: Mutt User <user@host>'

which would execute the given command when sending mail to me@cs.hmc.edu.

However, it is not required that you write the pattern to match using the full searching language. You can still specify a simple regular expression like the other hooks, in which case Mutt will translate your pattern into the full language, using the translation specified by the $default_hook variable. The pattern is translated at the time the hook is declared, so the value of $default_hook that is in effect at that time will be used.

### 6.2. Mailbox Matching in Hooks

Hooks that match against mailboxes (folder-hook, mbox-hook) apply both regular expression syntax as well as mailbox shortcut expansion on the regexp parameter. There is some overlap between these, so special attention should be paid to the first character of the regexp.

    # Here, ^ will expand to "the current mailbox" not "beginning of string":
    folder-hook ^/home/user/Mail/bar "set sort=threads"

    # If you want ^ to be interpreted as "beginning of string", one workaround
    # is to enclose the regexp in parenthesis:
    folder-hook (^/home/user/Mail/bar) "set sort=threads"

    # This will expand to the default save folder for the alias "imap.example.com", which
    # is probably not what you want:
    folder-hook @imap.example.com "set sort=threads"

    # A workaround is to use parenthesis or a backslash:
    folder-hook (@imap.example.com) "set sort=threads"
    folder-hook '\@imap.example.com' "set sort=threads"

Keep in mind that mailbox shortcut expansion on the regexp parameter takes place when the hook is initially parsed, not when the hook is matching against a mailbox. When Mutt starts up and is reading the .muttrc, some mailbox shortcuts may not be usable. For example, the "current mailbox" shortcut, ^, will expand to an empty string because no mailbox has been opened yet. Mutt will issue an error for this case or if the mailbox shortcut results in an empty regexp.

## 7. Managing the Environment

You can alter the environment that Mutt passes on to its child processes using the “setenv” and “unsetenv” operators. (N.B. These follow Mutt-style syntax, not shell-style!) You can also query current environment values by prefixing a “?” character.

    setenv TERM vt100
    setenv ORGANIZATION "The Mutt Development Team"
    unsetenv DISPLAY
    setenv ?LESS

## 8. External Address Queries

Mutt supports connecting to external directory databases such as LDAP, ph/qi, bbdb, or NIS through a wrapper script which connects to Mutt using a simple interface. Using the $query_command variable, you specify the wrapper command to use. For example:

    set query_command = "mutt_ldap_query.pl %s"

The wrapper script should accept the query on the command-line. It should return a one line message, then each matching response on a single line, each line containing a tab separated address then name then some other optional information. On error, or if there are no matching addresses, return a non-zero exit code and a one line error message.

An example multiple response output:

    Searching database ... 20 entries ... 3 matching:
    me@cs.hmc.edu           Michael Elkins  mutt dude
    blong@fiction.net       Brandon Long    mutt and more
    roessler@does-not-exist.org        Thomas Roessler mutt pgp

There are two mechanisms for accessing the query function of Mutt. One is to do a query from the index menu using the `<query>` function (default: Q). This will prompt for a query, then bring up the query menu which will list the matching responses. From the query menu, you can select addresses to create aliases, or to mail. You can tag multiple addresses to mail, start a new query, or have a new query appended to the current responses.

The other mechanism for accessing the query function is for address completion, similar to the alias completion. In any prompt for address entry, you can use the `<complete-query>` function (default: ^T) to run a query based on the current address you have typed. Like aliases, Mutt will look for what you have typed back to the last space or comma. If there is a single response for that query, Mutt will expand the address in place. If there are multiple responses, Mutt will activate the query menu. At the query menu, you can select one or more addresses to be added to the prompt.

## 9. Mailbox Formats

Mutt supports reading and writing of four different local mailbox formats: mbox, MMDF, MH and Maildir. The mailbox type is auto detected, so there is no need to use a flag for different mailbox types. When creating new mailboxes, Mutt uses the default specified with the $mbox_type variable. A short description of the formats follows.

mbox. This is a widely used mailbox format for UNIX. All messages are stored in a single file. Each message has a line of the form:

    From me@cs.hmc.edu Fri, 11 Apr 1997 11:44:56 PST

to denote the start of a new message (this is often referred to as the “From_” line). The mbox format requires mailbox locking, is prone to mailbox corruption with concurrently writing clients or misinterpreted From_ lines. Depending on the environment, new mail detection can be unreliable. Mbox folders are fast to open and easy to archive.

MMDF. This is a variant of the mbox format. Each message is surrounded by lines containing “^A^A^A^A” (four times control-A's). The same problems as for mbox apply (also with finding the right message separator as four control-A's may appear in message bodies).

MH. A radical departure from mbox and MMDF, a mailbox consists of a directory and each message is stored in a separate file. The filename indicates the message number (however, this is may not correspond to the message number Mutt displays). Deleted messages are renamed with a comma (“,”) prepended to the filename. Mutt detects this type of mailbox by looking for either `.mh_sequences` or `.xmhcache` files (needed to distinguish normal directories from MH mailboxes). MH is more robust with concurrent clients writing the mailbox, but still may suffer from lost flags; message corruption is less likely to occur than with mbox/mmdf. It's usually slower to open compared to mbox/mmdf since many small files have to be read (Mutt provides Section 8.1, “Header Caching” to greatly speed this process up). Depending on the environment, MH is not very disk-space efficient.

Maildir. The newest of the mailbox formats, used by the Qmail MTA (a replacement for sendmail). Similar to MH, except that it adds three subdirectories of the mailbox: tmp, new and cur. Filenames for the messages are chosen in such a way they are unique, even when two programs are writing the mailbox over NFS, which means that no file locking is needed and corruption is very unlikely. Maildir maybe slower to open without caching in Mutt, it too is not very disk-space efficient depending on the environment. Since no additional files are used for metadata (which is embedded in the message filenames) and Maildir is locking-free, it's easy to sync across different machines using file-level synchronization tools.

## 10. Mailbox Shortcuts

There are a number of built in shortcuts which refer to specific mailboxes. These shortcuts can be used anywhere you are prompted for a file or mailbox path or in path-related configuration variables. Note that these only work at the beginning of a string.

Table 4.8. Mailbox shortcuts

Shortcut | Refers to...
--- | ---
`!` | your $spoolfile (incoming) mailbox
`>` | your $mbox file
`<` | your $record file
`^` | the current mailbox
`-` or `!!` | the file you've last visited
`~` | your home directory
`=` or `+` | your $folder directory
@alias | to the default save folder as determined by the address of the alias

For example, to store a copy of outgoing messages in the folder they were composed in, a folder-hook can be used to set $record:

      folder-hook . 'set record=^'

Note: the current mailbox shortcut, “`^`”, has no value in some cases. No mailbox is opened when Mutt is invoked to send an email from the command-line. In interactive mode, Mutt reads the muttrc before opening the mailbox, so immediate expansion won't work as expected either. This can be an issue when trying to directly assign to $record, but also affects the fcc-hook mailbox, which is expanded immediately too. The folder-hook example above works because the command is executed later, when the folder-hook fires.

Note: the $record shortcut “`<`” is substituted without any regard to multiple mailboxes and $fcc_delimiter. If you use multiple Fcc mailboxes, and also want to use the “`<`” mailbox shortcut, it might be better to set $record to the primary mailbox and use a fcc-hook to set all mailboxes during message composition.

## 11. Handling Mailing Lists

Mutt has a few configuration options that make dealing with large amounts of mail easier. The first thing you must do is to let Mutt know what addresses you consider to be mailing lists (technically this does not have to be a mailing list, but that is what it is most often used for), and what lists you are subscribed to. This is accomplished through the use of the lists and subscribe commands in your `.muttrc`. Alternatively or additionally, you can set $auto_subscribe to automatically subscribe addresses found in a `List-Post` header.

Now that Mutt knows what your mailing lists are, it can do several things, the first of which is the ability to show the name of a list through which you received a message (i.e., of a subscribed list) in the index menu display. This is useful to distinguish between personal and list mail in the same mailbox. In the $index_format variable, the expando “%L” will print the string “To <list>” when “list” appears in the “To” field, and “Cc <list>” when it appears in the “Cc” field (otherwise it prints the name of the author).

Often times the “To” and “Cc” fields in mailing list messages tend to get quite large. Most people do not bother to remove the author of the message they reply to from the list, resulting in two or more copies being sent to that person. The `<list-reply>` function, which by default is bound to “L” in the index menu and pager, helps reduce the clutter by only replying to the known mailing list addresses instead of all recipients (except as specified by `Mail-Followup-To`, see below).

Mutt also supports the `Mail-Followup-To` header. When you send a message to a list of recipients which includes one or several known mailing lists, and if the $followup_to option is set, Mutt will generate a Mail-Followup-To header. If any of the recipients are subscribed mailing lists, this header will contain all the recipients to whom you send this message, but not your address. This indicates that group-replies or list-replies (also known as “followups”) to this message should only be sent to the original recipients of the message, and not separately to you - you'll receive your copy through one of the mailing lists you are subscribed to. If none of the recipients are subscribed mailing lists, the header will also contain your address, ensuring you receive a copy of replies.

Conversely, when group-replying or list-replying to a message which has a `Mail-Followup-To` header, Mutt will respect this header if the $honor_followup_to configuration variable is set. Using list-reply will in this case also make sure that the reply goes to the mailing list, even if it's not specified in the list of recipients in the `Mail-Followup-To`.

### Note

When header editing is enabled, you can create a `Mail-Followup-To` header manually. Mutt will only auto-generate this header if it doesn't exist when you send the message.

The other method some mailing list admins use is to generate a “Reply-To” field which points back to the mailing list address rather than the author of the message. This can create problems when trying to reply directly to the author in private, since most mail clients will automatically reply to the address given in the “Reply-To” field. Mutt uses the $reply_to variable to help decide which address to use. If set to ask-yes or ask-no, you will be prompted as to whether or not you would like to use the address given in the “Reply-To” field, or reply directly to the address given in the “From” field. When set to yes, the “Reply-To” field will be used when present.

While looking at an email message from a mailing list in the index or pager, you can interact with the list server in the ways defined by RFC 2369, provided the email message specifies how to do so. Invoke the list menu (bound to "ESC L" by default) to see what options are available for a given message. Common options are:

- Post to the list

- Contact the list owner

- Subscribe to the list

- Unsubscribe from the list

- Get help from the list server

- Get list archive information

Note that many list servers only specify some of these options.

The “X-Label:” header field can be used to further identify mailing lists or list subject matter (or just to annotate messages individually). The $index_format variable's “%y” and “%Y” expandos can be used to expand “X-Label:” fields in the index, and Mutt's pattern-matcher can match regular expressions to “X-Label:” fields with the “~y” selector. “X-Label:” is not a standard message header field, but it can easily be inserted by procmail and other mail filtering agents.

You can change or delete the “X-Label:” field within Mutt using the “edit-label” command, bound to the “y” key by default. This works for tagged messages, too. While in the edit-label function, pressing the <complete> binding (TAB, by default) will perform completion against all labels currently in use.

Lastly, Mutt has the ability to sort the mailbox into threads. A thread is a group of messages which all relate to the same subject. This is usually organized into a tree-like structure where a message and all of its replies are represented graphically. If you've ever used a threaded news client, this is the same concept. It makes dealing with large volume mailing lists easier because you can easily delete uninteresting threads and quickly find topics of value.

## 12. Display Munging

Working within the confines of a console or terminal window, it is often useful to be able to modify certain information elements in a non-destructive way -- to change how they display, without changing the stored value of the information itself. This is especially so of message subjects, which may often be polluted with extraneous metadata that either is reproduced elsewhere, or is of secondary interest.

`subjectrx` `pattern` `replacement`
`unsubjectrx` { `*` | `pattern` }

`subjectrx` specifies a regular expression “pattern” which, if detected in a message subject, causes the subject to be replaced with the “replacement” value. The replacement is subject to substitutions in the same way as for the spam command: `%L` for the text to the left of the match, `%R` for text to the right of the match, and `%1` for the first subgroup in the match (etc). If you simply want to erase the match, set it to “%L%R”. Any number of `subjectrx` commands may coexist.

Note this well: the “replacement” value replaces the entire subject, not just the match!

`unsubjectrx` removes a given subjectrx from the substitution list. If `*` is used as the pattern, all substitutions will be removed.

Example 4.6. Subject Munging

    # Erase [rt #12345] tags from Request Tracker (RT) e-mails
    subjectrx '\[rt #[0-9]+\] *' '%L%R'

    # Servicedesk is another RT that sends more complex subjects.
    # Keep the ticket number.
    subjectrx '\[servicedesk #([0-9]+)\] ([^.]+)\.([^.]+) - (new|open|pending|update) - ' '%L[#%1] %R'

    # Strip out annoying [listname] prefixes in subjects
    subjectrx '\[[^]]*\]:? *' '%L%R'

## 13. New Mail Detection

Mutt supports setups with multiple folders, allowing all of them to be monitored for new mail (see Section 16, “Monitoring Incoming Mail” for details).

### 13.1. How New Mail Detection Works

For Mbox and Mmdf folders, new mail is detected by comparing access and/or modification times of files: Mutt assumes a folder has new mail if it wasn't accessed after it was last modified. Utilities like `biff` or `frm` or any other program which accesses the mailbox might cause Mutt to never detect new mail for that mailbox if they do not properly reset the access time. Other possible causes of Mutt not detecting new mail in these folders are backup tools (updating access times) or filesystems mounted without access time update support (for Linux systems, see the `relatime` option).

### Note

Contrary to older Mutt releases, it now maintains the new mail status of a folder by properly resetting the access time if the folder contains at least one message which is neither read, nor deleted, nor marked as old.

In cases where new mail detection for Mbox or Mmdf folders appears to be unreliable, the $check_mbox_size option can be used to make Mutt track and consult file sizes for new mail detection instead which won't work for size-neutral changes.

New mail for Maildir is assumed if there is one message in the `new/` subdirectory which is not marked deleted (see $maildir_trash). For MH folders, a mailbox is considered having new mail if there's at least one message in the “unseen” sequence as specified by $mh_seq_unseen.

Mutt does not poll POP3 folders for new mail, it only periodically checks the currently opened folder (if it's a POP3 folder).

For IMAP, by default Mutt uses recent message counts provided by the server to detect new mail. If the $imap_idle option is set, it'll use the IMAP IDLE extension if advertised by the server.

The $mail_check_recent option changes whether Mutt will notify you of new mail in an already visited mailbox. When set (the default) it will only notify you of new mail received since the last time you opened the mailbox. When unset, Mutt will notify you of any new mail in the mailbox.

### 13.2. Polling For New Mail

When in the index menu and being idle (also see $timeout), Mutt periodically checks for new mail in all folders which have been configured via the mailboxes command (excepting those specified with the `-nopoll` flag). The interval depends on the folder type: for local/IMAP folders it consults $mail_check and $pop_checkinterval for POP folders.

Outside the index menu the directory browser supports checking for new mail using the `<check-new>` function which is unbound by default. Pressing TAB will bring up a menu showing the files specified by the mailboxes command, and indicate which contain new messages. Mutt will automatically enter this mode when invoked from the command line with the `-y` option, or from the index/pager via the `<browse-mailboxes>` function.

For the pager, index and directory browser menus, Mutt contains the `<buffy-list>` function (bound to “.” by default) which will print a list of folders with new mail in the command line at the bottom of the screen.

For the index, by default Mutt displays the number of mailboxes with new mail in the status bar, please refer to the $status_format variable for details.

When changing folders, Mutt fills the prompt with the first folder from the mailboxes list containing new mail (if any), pressing `<Space>` will cycle through folders with new mail. The (by default unbound) function `<next-unread-mailbox>` in the index can be used to immediately open the next folder with unread mail (if any).

### 13.3. Monitoring New Mail

When the Inotify mechanism for monitoring of files is supported (Linux only) and not disabled at compilation time, Mutt immediately notifies about new mail for all folders configured via the mailboxes command (excepting those specified with the `-nopoll` flag). Dependent on mailbox format also added old mails are tracked (not for Maildir).

No configuration variables are available. Trace output is given when debugging is enabled via command line option `-d3`. The lower level 2 only shows errors, the higher level 5 all including raw Inotify events.

### Note

Getting events about new mail is limited to the capabilities of the underlying mechanism. Inotify only reports local changes, i. e. new mail notification works for mails delivered by an agent on the same machine as Mutt, but not when delivered remotely on a network file system as NFS. Also the monitoring handles might fail in rare conditions, so you better don't completely rely on this feature.

### 13.4. Calculating Mailbox Message Counts

If $mail_check_stats is set, Mutt will periodically calculate the unread, flagged, and total message counts for each mailbox watched by the mailboxes command. (Note: IMAP mailboxes only support unread and total counts). This calculation takes place at the same time as new mail polling, but is controlled by a separate timer: $mail_check_stats_interval.

The sidebar can display these message counts. See $sidebar_format.

## 14. Editing Threads

Mutt has the ability to dynamically restructure threads that are broken either by misconfigured software or bad behavior from some correspondents. This allows to clean your mailboxes from these annoyances which make it hard to follow a discussion.

### 14.1. Linking Threads

Some mailers tend to “forget” to correctly set the “In-Reply-To:” and “References:” headers when replying to a message. This results in broken discussions because Mutt has not enough information to guess the correct threading. You can fix this by tagging the reply, then moving to the parent message and using the `<link-threads>` function (bound to & by default). The reply will then be connected to this parent message.

You can also connect multiple children at once, tagging them and using the `<tag-prefix>` command (“;”) or the $auto_tag option.

### 14.2. Breaking Threads

On mailing lists, some people are in the bad habit of starting a new discussion by hitting “reply” to any message from the list and changing the subject to a totally unrelated one. You can fix such threads by using the `<break-thread>` function (bound by default to #), which will turn the subthread starting from the current message into a whole different thread.

## 15. Delivery Status Notification (DSN) Support

RFC1894 defines a set of MIME content types for relaying information about the status of electronic mail messages. These can be thought of as “return receipts.”

To support DSN, there are two variables. $dsn_notify is used to request receipts for different results (such as failed message, message delivered, etc.). $dsn_return requests how much of your message should be returned with the receipt (headers or full message).

When using $sendmail for mail delivery, you need to use either Berkeley sendmail 8.8.x (or greater) a MTA supporting DSN command line options compatible to Sendmail: The -N and -R options can be used by the mail client to make requests as to what type of status messages should be returned. Please consider your MTA documentation whether DSN is supported.

For SMTP delivery using $smtp_url, it depends on the capabilities announced by the server whether Mutt will attempt to request DSN or not.

## 16. Start a WWW Browser on URLs

If a message contains URLs, it is efficient to get a menu with all the URLs and start a WWW browser on one of them. This functionality is provided by the external urlview program which can be retrieved at https://github.com/sigpipe/urlview and the configuration commands:

    macro index \cb |urlview\n
    macro pager \cb |urlview\n

## 17. Echoing Text

Usage:

`echo` `message`

You can print messages to the message window using the "echo" command. This might be useful after a macro finishes executing. After printing the message, echo will pause for the number of seconds specified by $sleep_time.

    echo "Sourcing muttrc file"

    unset confirmappend
    macro index ,a "<save-message>=archive<enter><enter-command>echo 'Saved to archive'<enter>"

## 18. Message Composition Flow

This is a brief overview of the steps Mutt takes during message composition. It also shows the order and timing of hook execution.

- Reply envelope settings. $reverse_name processing. To, Cc, Subject, References header defaults.

- my_hdr processing for To, Cc, Bcc, Subject headers.

- Prompts for To, Cc, Bcc, Subject headers. See $askcc, $askbcc, $fast_reply.

- From header setting. Note: this is so send-hooks below can match ~P, but From is re-set further below in case a send-hook changes the value.

- reply-hook

- send-hook

- From header setting.

- my_hdr processing for From, Reply-To, Message-ID and user-defined headers. The To, Cc, Bcc, and Subject headers are ignored at this stage.

- Message body and signature generation.

- send2-hook

- $realname part of From header setting.

- $editor invocation for the message.

- send2-hook

- Cryptographic settings.

- fcc-hook. Fcc setting.

- Compose menu. Note: send2-hook is evaluated each time the headers are changed.

- $send_multipart_alternative generation.

- Message encryption and signing. Key selection.

- Fcc saving if $fcc_before_send is set. (Note the variable documentation for caveats of Fcc'ing before sending.)

- Message sending.

- Fcc saving if $fcc_before_send is unset (the default). Note: prior to version 1.12, the Fcc was saved before sending the message. It is now by default saved afterwards, but if the saving fails, the user is prompted.

## 19. Batch Composition Flow

In batch mode, Mutt performs less steps than interactive mode. Encryption and Signing are not supported.

- my_hdr processing for To, Cc, Bcc headers. (Subject is not processed.)

- From header setting. Note: this is so send-hooks below can match ~P, but From is re-set further below in case a send-hook changes the value.

- send-hook

- From header setting.

- my_hdr processing for From, Reply-To, Message-ID and user-defined headers. The To, Cc, Bcc, Subject, and Return-Path headers are ignored at this stage.

- Message body is copied from stdin. $signature is not appended in batch mode.

- send2-hook

- $realname part of From header setting.

- fcc-hook. Fcc setting.

- $send_multipart_alternative generation.

- Fcc saving if $fcc_before_send is set. (Note the variable documentation for caveats of Fcc'ing before sending.)

- Message sending.

- Fcc saving if $fcc_before_send is unset (the default). Note: prior to version 1.12, the Fcc was saved before sending the message. It is now by default saved afterwards, but if the saving fails, the user is prompted.

## 20. Using MuttLisp (EXPERIMENTAL)

MuttLisp is a Lisp-like enhancement for the Mutt configuration file. It is currently experimental, meaning new releases may change or break syntax. MuttLisp is not a real language, and is not meant to be an alternative to macros. The features are purposely minimal, with the actual work still being done by Mutt commands.

There are two ways to invoke MuttLisp: via the `run` command, or interpolated as a command argument.

### 20.1. Running a command generated by MuttLisp

Usage:

`run` `MuttLisp`

The `run` command evaluates the MuttLisp argument. The output of the MuttLisp is then executed as a Mutt command, as if it were typed in the muttrc instead.

    run (concat "set my_name = '" \
          (or $ENV_NAME "Test User") "'")

      ==> generates and runs the line:
          set my_name = 'Test User'

This will set the Mutt User-Defined Variable `$my_name` to either the environment variable $ENV_NAME, if defined, or else "Test User".

### 20.2. Interpolating MuttLisp in a Command Argument

The second way of running is directly as a command argument. An unquoted parenthesis expression will be evaluated, and the result substituted as the argument.

To avoid breaking existing configurations, this is disabled by default. It can be enabled by setting $muttlisp_inline_eval. Before doing so, you should review your Mutt configuration to ensure you don't have any bare parenthesis expressions elsewhere, such as the regexp parameter of a folder-hook. These can typically be surrounded by single or double-quotes to prevent being evaluated as MuttLisp.

    set my_name = (or $ENV_NAME "Test User")

The result of the MuttLisp is directly assigned as the argument. It isn't reinterpreted, so there is no need for the outer quotes. This is in contrast with the run command, where the output is reinterpreted by the muttrc parser.

### 20.3. MuttLisp Syntax

MuttLisp was inspired by Lisp, and so follows the same basic syntax. All statements are surrounded by parenthesis. The first argument inside the parenthesis is a function to invoke. The remaining arguments are passed as parameters.

The arguments to functions are read and evaluated using muttrc syntax. This means Mutt variables or environment variables can be passed directly, or interpolated inside a double-quoted string.

Although the arguments to a function are evaluated, the result of the function call is not.

    echo (concat '$' 'spoolfile')
      ==> $spoolfile

MuttLisp has no types - everything is stored and evaluated as a string, just as with the muttrc. True is defined as a non-empty string, and false as the empty string.

The muttrc is evaluated line by line, and MuttLisp is similarly constrained. Input can be continued on more than one line by placing a backslash at the end of the line.

### 20.4. MuttLisp Functions

#### 20.4.1. concat

Combines all arguments into a single string.

    echo (concat one two three)
      ==> onetwothree

#### 20.4.2. quote

Prevents interpretation of the list. Note that the list must still obey MuttLisp syntax: single quotes, double quotes, backticks, and parenthesis are still parsed prior to `quote` running and must be matching.

    echo (quote one two three)
      ==> one two three

    echo (quote $spoolfile)
      ==> $spoolfile

    echo (quote (one two three))
      ==> (one two three)

#### 20.4.3. equal

Performs a case-sensitive comparison of each argument. Stops evaluating arguments when it finds the first one that is not equal. Returns "t" if they are all equal, and the empty string if not.

    echo (equal one one)
      ==> "t"

    echo (equal one `echo one`)
      ==> "t"

    echo (equal one one two `echo three`)
      ==> ""
      note: `echo three` does not execute.

    echo (equal "one two" `echo one two`)
      ==> ""
      note: backticks generate two arguments "one" and "two"

    echo (equal "one two" "`echo one two`")
      ==> "t"
      note: backticks inside double quotes generates a single argument: "one two"

#### 20.4.4. not

Accepts a single argument only. Returns "t" if the argument evaluates to the empty string. Otherwise returns the empty string.

    echo (not one)
      ==> ""

    echo (not "")
      ==> "t"

    echo (not (equal one two))
      ==> "t"

#### 20.4.5. and

Returns the first argument that evaluates to the empty string. Otherwise returns the last argument, or "t" if there are no arguments.

    echo (and one two)
      ==> "two"

    echo (and "" two `echo three`)
      ==> ""
      note: `echo three` does not execute.

    echo (and)
      ==> "t"

#### 20.4.6. or

Returns the first argument that evaluates to a non-empty string. Otherwise returns the empty string.

    echo (or one two)
      ==> "one"

    echo (or "" two `echo three`)
      ==> "two"
      note: `echo three` does not execute.

    echo (or)
      ==> ""

#### 20.4.7. if

Requires 2 or 3 arguments. The first is a conditional. If it evaluates to "true" (a non-empty string), the second argument is evaluated and returned. Otherwise the third argument is evaluated and returned.

    echo (if a one two)
      ==> "one"

    echo (if "" one two)
      ==> "two"

    set spoolfile = "/var/mail/user"
    echo (if (equal $spoolfile "/var/mail/user") yes no)
      ==> "yes"

Note that boolean configuration variables evaluate to the strings "yes" or "no". You can see the value of other kinds of configuration variables using the echo command.

    unset allow_ansi
    echo $allow_ansi
      ===> "no"

    # the correct way to test a boolean:
    echo (if (equal $allow_ansi "yes") "set" "unset")
      ===> "unset"

    # the incorrect way to test a boolean:
    echo (if $allow_ansi "set" "unset")
      ===> "set"

### 20.5. Examples

It's important to remember that function arguments are evaluated, but the result is not. Also, the result of an interpolated command argument is used directly, and needs no quoting.

    # A three-way toggle of $index_format:

    set muttlisp_inline_eval
    set my_idx1 = "one"
    set my_idx2 = "two"
    set my_idx3 = "three"
    set index_format = $my_idx1

    macro index i '<enter-command>set index_format =  \
      (or                                             \
        (if (equal $index_format $my_idx1) $my_idx2)  \
        (if (equal $index_format $my_idx2) $my_idx3)  \
        $my_idx1) \
    <enter>'

The output of the run command is re-evaluated by the muttrc parser. So it's important to pay more attention to quoting issues when generating the command string below.

    # Conditionally set up background editing in tmux or GNU Screen:

    run \
      (if (or $STY $TMUX)                             \
        (concat                                       \
          'set background_edit;'                      \
          'set editor = "bgedit-screen-tmux.sh vim"') \
        (concat                                       \
          'unset background_edit;'                    \
          'set editor = "vim"'))

Because backticks are evaluated by MuttLisp too, we need to use the run command below and pay close attention to quoting.

    # Use a Mutt variable inside backticks.

    set spoolfile = "/var/mail/testuser"

    # This will generate and then run the command string:
    #   set my_var = "`~/bin/myscript.sh /var/mail/testuser`"
    run                                       \
      (concat                                 \
         'set my_var = "`~/bin/myscript.sh '  \
         $spoolfile                           \
         '`"')

## 21. Miscellany

This section documents various features that fit nowhere else.

Address normalization

  Mutt normalizes all e-mail addresses to the simplest form possible. If an address contains a realname, the form Joe User <joe@example.com> is used and the pure e-mail address without angle brackets otherwise, i.e. just joe@example.com.

  This normalization affects all headers Mutt generates including aliases.

Initial folder selection

  The folder Mutt opens at startup is determined as follows: the folder specified in the `$MAIL` environment variable if present. Otherwise, the value of `$MAILDIR` is taken into account. If that isn't present either, Mutt takes the user's mailbox in the mailspool as determined at compile-time (which may also reside in the home directory). The $spoolfile setting overrides this selection. Highest priority has the mailbox given with the `-f` command line option.

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