/**
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package kafka.log

import java.lang.{Long => JLong}
import java.io.{File, IOException}
import java.nio.file.{Files, NoSuchFileException}
import java.util.concurrent._
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger
import kafka.server.{KafkaConfig, KafkaRaftServer}
import kafka.utils.Logging
import org.apache.kafka.common.{DirectoryId, KafkaException, TopicPartition, Uuid}
import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.{Exit, KafkaThread, Time, Utils}
import org.apache.kafka.common.errors.{InconsistentTopicIdException, KafkaStorageException, LogDirNotFoundException}
import org.apache.kafka.coordinator.transaction.{TransactionLogConfig, TransactionStateManagerConfig}

import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
import scala.collection._
import scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer
import scala.util.{Failure, Success, Try}
import org.apache.kafka.image.TopicsImage
import org.apache.kafka.metadata.ConfigRepository
import org.apache.kafka.metadata.properties.{MetaProperties, MetaPropertiesEnsemble, PropertiesUtils}

import java.util.{Collections, Optional, OptionalLong, Properties}
import org.apache.kafka.server.metrics.KafkaMetricsGroup
import org.apache.kafka.server.util.{FileLock, Scheduler}
import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.log.{CleanerConfig, LogCleaner, LogConfig, LogDirFailureChannel, LogManager => JLogManager, LogOffsetsListener, ProducerStateManagerConfig, RemoteIndexCache, UnifiedLog}
import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.checkpoint.{CleanShutdownFileHandler, OffsetCheckpointFile}
import org.apache.kafka.storage.log.metrics.BrokerTopicStats

import java.util
import java.util.stream.Collectors

/**
 * The entry point to the kafka log management subsystem. The log manager is responsible for log creation, retrieval, and cleaning.
 * All read and write operations are delegated to the individual log instances.
 *
 * The log manager maintains logs in one or more directories. New logs are created in the data directory
 * with the fewest logs. No attempt is made to move partitions after the fact or balance based on
 * size or I/O rate.
 *
 * A background thread handles log retention by periodically truncating excess log segments.
 *
 * This class is thread-safe.
 */
class LogManager(logDirs: Seq[File],
                 initialOfflineDirs: Seq[File],
                 configRepository: ConfigRepository,
                 val initialDefaultConfig: LogConfig,
                 val cleanerConfig: CleanerConfig,
                 recoveryThreadsPerDataDir: Int,
                 val flushCheckMs: Long,
                 val flushRecoveryOffsetCheckpointMs: Long,
                 val flushStartOffsetCheckpointMs: Long,
                 val retentionCheckMs: Long,
                 val maxTransactionTimeoutMs: Int,
                 val producerStateManagerConfig: ProducerStateManagerConfig,
                 val producerIdExpirationCheckIntervalMs: Int,
                 scheduler: Scheduler,
                 brokerTopicStats: BrokerTopicStats,
                 logDirFailureChannel: LogDirFailureChannel,
                 time: Time,
                 remoteStorageSystemEnable: Boolean,
                 val initialTaskDelayMs: Long,
                 cleanerFactory: (CleanerConfig, util.List[File], ConcurrentMap[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog], LogDirFailureChannel, Time) => LogCleaner =
                  (cleanerConfig, files, map, logDirFailureChannel, time) => new LogCleaner(cleanerConfig, files, map, logDirFailureChannel, time)
                ) extends Logging {
  // Changing the package or class name may cause incompatibility with existing code and metrics configuration
  private val metricsPackage = "kafka.log"
  private val metricsClassName = "LogManager"
  private val metricsGroup = new KafkaMetricsGroup(metricsPackage, metricsClassName)

  private val logCreationOrDeletionLock = new Object
  private val currentLogs = new util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog]()
  // Future logs are put in the directory with "-future" suffix. Future log is created when user wants to move replica
  // from one log directory to another log directory on the same broker. The directory of the future log will be renamed
  // to replace the current log of the partition after the future log catches up with the current log
  private val futureLogs = new util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog]()
  // Each element in the queue contains the log object to be deleted and the time it is scheduled for deletion.
  private val logsToBeDeleted = new LinkedBlockingQueue[(UnifiedLog, Long)]()

  // Map of stray partition to stray log. This holds all stray logs detected on the broker.
  // Visible for testing
  private val strayLogs = new ConcurrentHashMap[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog]()

  private val _liveLogDirs: ConcurrentLinkedQueue[File] = createAndValidateLogDirs(logDirs, initialOfflineDirs)
  @volatile private var _cordonedLogDirs: Set[String] = Set()
  @volatile private var _currentDefaultConfig = initialDefaultConfig
  @volatile private var numRecoveryThreadsPerDataDir = recoveryThreadsPerDataDir

  // This map contains all partitions whose logs are getting loaded and initialized. If log configuration
  // of these partitions get updated at the same time, the corresponding entry in this map is set to "true",
  // which triggers a config reload after initialization is finished (to get the latest config value).
  // See KAFKA-8813 for more detail on the race condition
  // Visible for testing
  private[log] val partitionsInitializing = new ConcurrentHashMap[TopicPartition, Boolean]().asScala

  def reconfigureDefaultLogConfig(logConfig: LogConfig): Unit = {
    this._currentDefaultConfig = logConfig
  }

  def currentDefaultConfig: LogConfig = _currentDefaultConfig

  def liveLogDirs: Seq[File] = {
    if (_liveLogDirs.size == logDirs.size)
      logDirs
    else
      _liveLogDirs.asScala.toBuffer
  }

  // visible for testing
  private[log] val dirLocks = lockLogDirs(liveLogDirs)
  val directoryIds: mutable.Map[String, Uuid] = loadDirectoryIds(liveLogDirs)
  def directoryIdsSet: Predef.Set[Uuid] = directoryIds.values.toSet

  def updateCordonedLogDirs(newCordonedLogDirs: Set[String]): Unit = {
    _cordonedLogDirs = newCordonedLogDirs
  }

  def cordonedLogDirs(): Set[String] = {
    _cordonedLogDirs
  }

  @volatile private var recoveryPointCheckpoints = liveLogDirs.map(dir =>
    (dir, new OffsetCheckpointFile(new File(dir, JLogManager.RECOVERY_POINT_CHECKPOINT_FILE), logDirFailureChannel))).toMap
  @volatile private var logStartOffsetCheckpoints = liveLogDirs.map(dir =>
    (dir, new OffsetCheckpointFile(new File(dir, JLogManager.LOG_START_OFFSET_CHECKPOINT_FILE), logDirFailureChannel))).toMap

  private val preferredLogDirs = new ConcurrentHashMap[TopicPartition, String]()

  def hasOfflineLogDirs(): Boolean = offlineLogDirs.nonEmpty
  def onlineLogDirId(uuid: Uuid): Boolean = directoryIds.exists(_._2 == uuid)

  private def offlineLogDirs: Iterable[File] = {
    val logDirsSet = mutable.Set[File]() ++= logDirs
    _liveLogDirs.forEach(dir => logDirsSet -= dir)
    logDirsSet
  }

  // A map that stores hadCleanShutdown flag for each log dir.
  private val hadCleanShutdownFlags = new ConcurrentHashMap[String, Boolean]()

  // A map that tells whether all logs in a log dir had been loaded or not at startup time.
  private val loadLogsCompletedFlags = new ConcurrentHashMap[String, Boolean]()

  @volatile private var _cleaner: LogCleaner = _
  private[kafka] def cleaner: LogCleaner = _cleaner

  metricsGroup.newGauge("OfflineLogDirectoryCount", () => offlineLogDirs.size)
  metricsGroup.newGauge("CordonedLogDirectoryCount", () => cordonedLogDirs().size)

  for (dir <- logDirs) {
    metricsGroup.newGauge("LogDirectoryOffline",
      () => if (_liveLogDirs.contains(dir)) 0 else 1,
      Map("logDirectory" -> dir.getAbsolutePath).asJava)
    metricsGroup.newGauge("LogDirectoryCordoned",
      () => if (cordonedLogDirs().contains(dir.getAbsolutePath)) 1 else 0,
      Map("logDirectory" -> dir.getAbsolutePath).asJava)
  }

  /**
   * Create and check validity of the given directories that are not in the given offline directories, specifically:
   * <ol>
   * <li> Ensure that there are no duplicates in the directory list
   * <li> Create each directory if it doesn't exist
   * <li> Check that each path is a readable directory
   * </ol>
   */
  private def createAndValidateLogDirs(dirs: Seq[File], initialOfflineDirs: Seq[File]): ConcurrentLinkedQueue[File] = {
    val liveLogDirs = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue[File]()
    val canonicalPaths = mutable.HashSet.empty[String]

    for (dir <- dirs) {
      try {
        if (initialOfflineDirs.contains(dir))
          throw new IOException(s"Failed to load ${dir.getAbsolutePath} during broker startup")

        if (!dir.exists) {
          info(s"Log directory ${dir.getAbsolutePath} not found, creating it.")
          val created = dir.mkdirs()
          if (!created)
            throw new IOException(s"Failed to create data directory ${dir.getAbsolutePath}")
          Utils.flushDir(dir.toPath.toAbsolutePath.normalize.getParent)
        }
        if (!dir.isDirectory || !dir.canRead)
          throw new IOException(s"${dir.getAbsolutePath} is not a readable log directory.")

        // getCanonicalPath() throws IOException if a file system query fails or if the path is invalid (e.g. contains
        // the Nul character). Since there's no easy way to distinguish between the two cases, we treat them the same
        // and mark the log directory as offline.
        if (!canonicalPaths.add(dir.getCanonicalPath))
          throw new KafkaException(s"Duplicate log directory found: ${dirs.mkString(", ")}")


        liveLogDirs.add(dir)
      } catch {
        case e: IOException =>
          logDirFailureChannel.maybeAddOfflineLogDir(dir.getAbsolutePath, s"Failed to create or validate data directory ${dir.getAbsolutePath}", e)
      }
    }
    if (liveLogDirs.isEmpty) {
      fatal(s"Shutdown broker because none of the specified log dirs from ${dirs.mkString(", ")} can be created or validated")
      Exit.halt(1)
    }

    liveLogDirs
  }

  def resizeRecoveryThreadPool(newSize: Int): Unit = {
    info(s"Resizing recovery thread pool size for each data dir from $numRecoveryThreadsPerDataDir to $newSize")
    numRecoveryThreadsPerDataDir = newSize
  }

  /**
   * The log directory failure handler. It will stop log cleaning in that directory.
   *
   * @param dir        the absolute path of the log directory
   */
  def handleLogDirFailure(dir: String): Unit = {
    warn(s"Stopping serving logs in dir $dir")
    logCreationOrDeletionLock synchronized {
      _liveLogDirs.remove(new File(dir))
      directoryIds.remove(dir)
      if (_liveLogDirs.isEmpty) {
        fatal(s"Shutdown broker because all log dirs in ${logDirs.mkString(", ")} have failed")
        Exit.halt(1)
      }

      recoveryPointCheckpoints = recoveryPointCheckpoints.filter { case (file, _) => file.getAbsolutePath != dir }
      logStartOffsetCheckpoints = logStartOffsetCheckpoints.filter { case (file, _) => file.getAbsolutePath != dir }
      if (cleaner != null)
        cleaner.handleLogDirFailure(dir)

      def removeOfflineLogs(logs: util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog]): Iterable[TopicPartition] = {
        val offlineTopicPartitions: Iterable[TopicPartition] = logs.asScala.collect {
          case (tp, log) if log.parentDir == dir => tp
        }
        offlineTopicPartitions.foreach { topicPartition => {
          val removedLog = removeLogAndMetrics(logs, topicPartition)
          removedLog.foreach {
            log => log.closeHandlers()
          }
        }}

        offlineTopicPartitions
      }

      val offlineCurrentTopicPartitions = removeOfflineLogs(currentLogs)
      val offlineFutureTopicPartitions = removeOfflineLogs(futureLogs)

      warn(s"Logs for partitions ${offlineCurrentTopicPartitions.mkString(",")} are offline and " +
           s"logs for future partitions ${offlineFutureTopicPartitions.mkString(",")} are offline due to failure on log directory $dir")
      dirLocks.filter(_.file.getParent == dir).foreach(dir => Utils.swallow(this.logger.underlying, () => dir.destroy()))
    }
  }

  /**
   * Lock all the given directories
   */
  private def lockLogDirs(dirs: Seq[File]): Seq[FileLock] = {
    dirs.flatMap { dir =>
      try {
        val lock = new FileLock(new File(dir, JLogManager.LOCK_FILE_NAME))
        if (!lock.tryLock())
          throw new KafkaException("Failed to acquire lock on file .lock in " + lock.file.getParent +
            ". A Kafka instance in another process or thread is using this directory.")
        Some(lock)
      } catch {
        case e: IOException =>
          logDirFailureChannel.maybeAddOfflineLogDir(dir.getAbsolutePath, s"Disk error while locking directory $dir", e)
          None
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Retrieves the Uuid for the directory, given its absolute path.
   */
  def directoryId(dir: String): Option[Uuid] = directoryIds.get(dir)

  def directoryPath(uuid: Uuid): Option[String] = directoryIds.find(_._2 == uuid).map(_._1)

  /**
   * Determine directory ID for each directory with a meta.properties.
   * If meta.properties does not include a directory ID, one is generated and persisted back to meta.properties.
   * Directories without a meta.properties don't get a directory ID assigned.
   */
  private def loadDirectoryIds(logDirs: Seq[File]): mutable.Map[String, Uuid] = {
    val result = mutable.HashMap[String, Uuid]()
    logDirs.foreach(logDir => {
      try {
        val props = PropertiesUtils.readPropertiesFile(
          new File(logDir, MetaPropertiesEnsemble.META_PROPERTIES_NAME).getAbsolutePath)
        val metaProps = new MetaProperties.Builder(props).build()
        metaProps.directoryId().ifPresent(directoryId => {
          result += (logDir.getAbsolutePath -> directoryId)
        })
      } catch {
        case _: NoSuchFileException =>
          info(s"No meta.properties file found in $logDir.")
         case e: IOException =>
          logDirFailureChannel.maybeAddOfflineLogDir(logDir.getAbsolutePath, s"Disk error while loading ID $logDir", e)
       }
    })
    result
  }

  private def addLogToBeDeleted(log: UnifiedLog): Unit = {
    this.logsToBeDeleted.add((log, time.milliseconds()))
  }

  def addStrayLog(strayPartition: TopicPartition, strayLog: UnifiedLog): Unit = {
    this.strayLogs.put(strayPartition, strayLog)
  }

  // Only for testing
  private[log] def hasLogsToBeDeleted: Boolean = !logsToBeDeleted.isEmpty

  private[log] def loadLog(logDir: File,
                           hadCleanShutdown: Boolean,
                           recoveryPoints: util.Map[TopicPartition, JLong],
                           logStartOffsets: util.Map[TopicPartition, JLong],
                           defaultConfig: LogConfig,
                           topicConfigOverrides: Map[String, LogConfig],
                           numRemainingSegments: ConcurrentMap[String, Integer],
                           isStray: UnifiedLog => Boolean): UnifiedLog = {
    val topicPartition = UnifiedLog.parseTopicPartitionName(logDir)
    val config = topicConfigOverrides.getOrElse(topicPartition.topic, defaultConfig)
    val logRecoveryPoint = recoveryPoints.getOrDefault(topicPartition, 0L)
    val logStartOffset = logStartOffsets.getOrDefault(topicPartition, 0L)

    val log = UnifiedLog.create(
      logDir,
      config,
      logStartOffset,
      logRecoveryPoint,
      scheduler,
      brokerTopicStats,
      time,
      maxTransactionTimeoutMs,
      producerStateManagerConfig,
      producerIdExpirationCheckIntervalMs,
      logDirFailureChannel,
      hadCleanShutdown,
      Optional.empty,
      numRemainingSegments,
      remoteStorageSystemEnable,
      LogOffsetsListener.NO_OP_OFFSETS_LISTENER)

    if (logDir.getName.endsWith(UnifiedLog.DELETE_DIR_SUFFIX)) {
      addLogToBeDeleted(log)
    } else if (logDir.getName.endsWith(UnifiedLog.STRAY_DIR_SUFFIX)) {
      addStrayLog(topicPartition, log)
      warn(s"Loaded stray log: $logDir")
    } else if (isStray(log)) {
      // We are unable to prevent a topic from being recreated before every replica has been deleted.
      // Broker with an offline directory may be unable to detect it still holds a to-be-deleted replica,
      // and can create a conflicting topic partition for a new incarnation of the topic in one of the remaining online directories.
      // So upon a restart in which the offline directory is back online we need to clean up the old replica directory.
      log.renameDir(UnifiedLog.logStrayDirName(log.topicPartition), false)
      addStrayLog(log.topicPartition, log)
      warn(s"Log in ${logDir.getAbsolutePath} marked stray and renamed to ${log.dir.getAbsolutePath}")
    } else {
      val previous = {
        if (log.isFuture)
          this.futureLogs.put(topicPartition, log)
        else
          this.currentLogs.put(topicPartition, log)
      }
      if (previous != null) {
        if (log.isFuture)
          throw new IllegalStateException(s"Duplicate log directories found: ${log.dir.getAbsolutePath}, ${previous.dir.getAbsolutePath}")
        else
          throw new IllegalStateException(s"Duplicate log directories for $topicPartition are found in both ${log.dir.getAbsolutePath} " +
            s"and ${previous.dir.getAbsolutePath}. It is likely because log directory failure happened while broker was " +
            s"replacing current replica with future replica. Recover broker from this failure by manually deleting one of the two directories " +
            s"for this partition. It is recommended to delete the partition in the log directory that is known to have failed recently.")
      }
    }

    log
  }

  // factory class for naming the log recovery threads used in metrics
   private class LogRecoveryThreadFactory(val dirPath: String) extends ThreadFactory {
    val threadNum = new AtomicInteger(0)

    override def newThread(runnable: Runnable): Thread = {
      KafkaThread.nonDaemon(logRecoveryThreadName(dirPath, threadNum.getAndIncrement()), runnable)
    }
  }

  // create a unique log recovery thread name for each log dir as the format: prefix-dirPath-threadNum, ex: "log-recovery-/tmp/kafkaLogs-0"
  private def logRecoveryThreadName(dirPath: String, threadNum: Int, prefix: String = "log-recovery"): String = s"$prefix-$dirPath-$threadNum"

  /*
   * decrement the number of remaining logs
   * @return the number of remaining logs after decremented 1
   */
  private[log] def decNumRemainingLogs(numRemainingLogs: ConcurrentMap[String, Int], path: String): Int = {
    require(path != null, "path cannot be null to update remaining logs metric.")
    numRemainingLogs.compute(path, (_, oldVal) => oldVal - 1)
  }

  /**
   * Recover and load all logs in the given data directories
   */
  private[log] def loadLogs(defaultConfig: LogConfig, topicConfigOverrides: Map[String, LogConfig], isStray: UnifiedLog => Boolean): Unit = {
    info(s"Loading logs from log dirs $liveLogDirs")
    val startMs = time.hiResClockMs()
    val threadPools = ArrayBuffer.empty[ExecutorService]
    val offlineDirs = mutable.Set.empty[(String, IOException)]
    val jobs = ArrayBuffer.empty[Seq[Future[_]]]
    var numTotalLogs = 0
    // log dir path -> number of Remaining logs map for remainingLogsToRecover metric
    val numRemainingLogs: ConcurrentMap[String, Int] = new ConcurrentHashMap[String, Int]
    // log recovery thread name -> number of remaining segments map for remainingSegmentsToRecover metric
    val numRemainingSegments: ConcurrentMap[String, Integer] = new ConcurrentHashMap[String, Integer]

    def handleIOException(logDirAbsolutePath: String, e: IOException): Unit = {
      offlineDirs.add((logDirAbsolutePath, e))
      error(s"Error while loading log dir $logDirAbsolutePath", e)
    }

    val uncleanLogDirs = mutable.Buffer.empty[String]
    for (dir <- liveLogDirs) {
      val logDirAbsolutePath = dir.getAbsolutePath
      var hadCleanShutdown: Boolean = false
      try {
        val pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(numRecoveryThreadsPerDataDir,
          new LogRecoveryThreadFactory(logDirAbsolutePath))
        threadPools.append(pool)

        val cleanShutdownFileHandler = new CleanShutdownFileHandler(dir.getPath)
        if (cleanShutdownFileHandler.exists()) {
          // Cache the clean shutdown status and use that for rest of log loading workflow. Delete the CleanShutdownFile
          // so that if broker crashes while loading the log, it is considered hard shutdown during the next boot up. KAFKA-10471
          cleanShutdownFileHandler.delete()
          hadCleanShutdown = true
        }
        hadCleanShutdownFlags.put(logDirAbsolutePath, hadCleanShutdown)

        val recoveryPoints: util.Map[TopicPartition, JLong] = try {
          this.recoveryPointCheckpoints(dir).read()
        } catch {
          case e: Exception =>
            warn(s"Error occurred while reading recovery-point-offset-checkpoint file of directory " +
              s"$logDirAbsolutePath, resetting the recovery checkpoint to 0", e)
            Collections.emptyMap[TopicPartition, JLong]
        }

        val logStartOffsets: util.Map[TopicPartition, JLong] = try {
          this.logStartOffsetCheckpoints(dir).read()
        } catch {
          case e: Exception =>
            warn(s"Error occurred while reading log-start-offset-checkpoint file of directory " +
              s"$logDirAbsolutePath, resetting to the base offset of the first segment", e)
            Collections.emptyMap[TopicPartition, JLong]
        }

        val logsToLoad = Option(dir.listFiles).getOrElse(Array.empty).filter(logDir =>
          logDir.isDirectory &&
            // Ignore remote-log-index-cache directory as that is index cache maintained by tiered storage subsystem
            // but not any topic-partition dir.
            !logDir.getName.equals(RemoteIndexCache.DIR_NAME) &&
            UnifiedLog.parseTopicPartitionName(logDir).topic != KafkaRaftServer.MetadataTopic)
        numTotalLogs += logsToLoad.length
        numRemainingLogs.put(logDirAbsolutePath, logsToLoad.length)
        loadLogsCompletedFlags.put(logDirAbsolutePath, logsToLoad.isEmpty)

        if (logsToLoad.isEmpty) {
          info(s"No logs found to be loaded in $logDirAbsolutePath")
        } else if (hadCleanShutdown) {
          info(s"Skipping recovery of ${logsToLoad.length} logs from $logDirAbsolutePath since " +
            "clean shutdown file was found")
        } else {
          info(s"Recovering ${logsToLoad.length} logs from $logDirAbsolutePath since no " +
            "clean shutdown file was found")
          uncleanLogDirs.append(logDirAbsolutePath)
        }

        val jobsForDir = logsToLoad.map { logDir =>
          val runnable: Runnable = () => {
            debug(s"Loading log $logDir")
            var log = None: Option[UnifiedLog]
            val logLoadStartMs = time.hiResClockMs()
            try {
              log = Some(loadLog(logDir, hadCleanShutdown, recoveryPoints, logStartOffsets,
                defaultConfig, topicConfigOverrides, numRemainingSegments, isStray))
            } catch {
              case e: IOException =>
                handleIOException(logDirAbsolutePath, e)
              case e: KafkaStorageException if e.getCause.isInstanceOf[IOException] =>
                // KafkaStorageException might be thrown, ex: during writing LeaderEpochFileCache
                // And while converting IOException to KafkaStorageException, we've already handled the exception. So we can ignore it here.
            } finally {
              val logLoadDurationMs = time.hiResClockMs() - logLoadStartMs
              val remainingLogs = decNumRemainingLogs(numRemainingLogs, logDirAbsolutePath)
              val currentNumLoaded = logsToLoad.length - remainingLogs
              log match {
                case Some(loadedLog) => info(s"Completed load of $loadedLog with ${loadedLog.numberOfSegments} segments, " +
                  s"local-log-start-offset ${loadedLog.localLogStartOffset()} and log-end-offset ${loadedLog.logEndOffset} in ${logLoadDurationMs}ms " +
                  s"($currentNumLoaded/${logsToLoad.length} completed in $logDirAbsolutePath)")
                case None => info(s"Error while loading logs in $logDir in ${logLoadDurationMs}ms ($currentNumLoaded/${logsToLoad.length} completed in $logDirAbsolutePath)")
              }

              if (remainingLogs == 0) {
                // loadLog is completed for all logs under the logDir, mark it.
                loadLogsCompletedFlags.put(logDirAbsolutePath, true)
              }
            }
          }
          runnable
        }

        jobs += jobsForDir.map(pool.submit)
      } catch {
        case e: IOException =>
          handleIOException(logDirAbsolutePath, e)
      }
    }

    try {
      addLogRecoveryMetrics(numRemainingLogs, numRemainingSegments)
      for (dirJobs <- jobs) {
        dirJobs.foreach(_.get)
      }

      offlineDirs.foreach { case (dir, e) =>
        logDirFailureChannel.maybeAddOfflineLogDir(dir, s"Error while loading log dir $dir", e)
      }
    } catch {
      case e: ExecutionException =>
        error(s"There was an error in one of the threads during logs loading: ${e.getCause}")
        throw e.getCause
    } finally {
      removeLogRecoveryMetrics()
      threadPools.foreach(_.shutdown())
    }

    val elapsedMs = time.hiResClockMs() - startMs
    val printedUncleanLogDirs = if (uncleanLogDirs.isEmpty) "" else s" (unclean log dirs = $uncleanLogDirs)"
    info(s"Loaded $numTotalLogs logs in ${elapsedMs}ms$printedUncleanLogDirs")
  }

  private[log] def addLogRecoveryMetrics(numRemainingLogs: ConcurrentMap[String, Int],
                                         numRemainingSegments: ConcurrentMap[String, Integer]): Unit = {
    debug("Adding log recovery metrics")
    for (dir <- logDirs) {
      metricsGroup.newGauge("remainingLogsToRecover", () => numRemainingLogs.get(dir.getAbsolutePath),
        Map("dir" -> dir.getAbsolutePath).asJava)
      for (i <- 0 until numRecoveryThreadsPerDataDir) {
        val threadName = logRecoveryThreadName(dir.getAbsolutePath, i)
        metricsGroup.newGauge("remainingSegmentsToRecover", () => numRemainingSegments.get(threadName),
          Map("dir" -> dir.getAbsolutePath, "threadNum" -> i.toString).asJava)
      }
    }
  }

  private[log] def removeLogRecoveryMetrics(): Unit = {
    debug("Removing log recovery metrics")
    for (dir <- logDirs) {
      metricsGroup.removeMetric("remainingLogsToRecover", Map("dir" -> dir.getAbsolutePath).asJava)
      for (i <- 0 until numRecoveryThreadsPerDataDir) {
        metricsGroup.removeMetric("remainingSegmentsToRecover", Map("dir" -> dir.getAbsolutePath, "threadNum" -> i.toString).asJava)
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   *  Start the background threads to flush logs and do log cleanup
   */
  def startup(topicNames: Set[String], isStray: UnifiedLog => Boolean = _ => false): Unit = {
    // ensure consistency between default config and overrides
    val defaultConfig = currentDefaultConfig
    startupWithConfigOverrides(defaultConfig, fetchTopicConfigOverrides(defaultConfig, topicNames), isStray)
  }

  // visible for testing
  private[log] def fetchTopicConfigOverrides(defaultConfig: LogConfig, topicNames: Set[String]): Map[String, LogConfig] = {
    val topicConfigOverrides = mutable.Map[String, LogConfig]()
    val defaultProps = defaultConfig.originals()
    topicNames.foreach { topicName =>
      val overrides = configRepository.topicConfig(topicName)
      // save memory by only including configs for topics with overrides
      if (!overrides.isEmpty) {
        val logConfig = LogConfig.fromProps(defaultProps, overrides)
        topicConfigOverrides(topicName) = logConfig
      }
    }
    topicConfigOverrides
  }

  private def fetchLogConfig(topicName: String): LogConfig = {
    // ensure consistency between default config and overrides
    val defaultConfig = currentDefaultConfig
    fetchTopicConfigOverrides(defaultConfig, Set(topicName)).values.headOption.getOrElse(defaultConfig)
  }

  // visible for testing
  private[log] def startupWithConfigOverrides(
    defaultConfig: LogConfig,
    topicConfigOverrides: Map[String, LogConfig],
    isStray: UnifiedLog => Boolean): Unit = {
    loadLogs(defaultConfig, topicConfigOverrides, isStray) // this could take a while if shutdown was not clean

    /* Schedule the cleanup task to delete old logs */
    if (scheduler != null) {
      info("Starting log cleanup with a period of %d ms.".format(retentionCheckMs))
      scheduler.schedule("kafka-log-retention",
                         () => cleanupLogs(),
                         initialTaskDelayMs,
                         retentionCheckMs)
      info("Starting log flusher with a default period of %d ms.".format(flushCheckMs))
      scheduler.schedule("kafka-log-flusher",
                         () => flushDirtyLogs(),
                         initialTaskDelayMs,
                         flushCheckMs)
      scheduler.schedule("kafka-recovery-point-checkpoint",
                         () => checkpointLogRecoveryOffsets(),
                         initialTaskDelayMs,
                         flushRecoveryOffsetCheckpointMs)
      scheduler.schedule("kafka-log-start-offset-checkpoint",
                         () => checkpointLogStartOffsets(),
                         initialTaskDelayMs,
                         flushStartOffsetCheckpointMs)
      scheduler.scheduleOnce("kafka-delete-logs", // will be rescheduled after each delete logs with a dynamic period
                         () => deleteLogs(),
                         initialTaskDelayMs)
    }
    if (cleanerConfig.enableCleaner) {
      _cleaner = cleanerFactory(cleanerConfig, liveLogDirs.asJava, currentLogs, logDirFailureChannel, time)
      _cleaner.startup()
    } else {
      warn("The config `log.cleaner.enable` is deprecated and will be removed in Kafka 5.0. Starting from Kafka 5.0, the log cleaner will always be enabled, and this config will be ignored.")

    }
  }

  /**
   * Close all the logs
   */
  def shutdown(brokerEpoch: Long = -1): Unit = {
    info("Shutting down.")

    metricsGroup.removeMetric("OfflineLogDirectoryCount")
    for (dir <- logDirs) {
      metricsGroup.removeMetric("LogDirectoryOffline", Map("logDirectory" -> dir.getAbsolutePath).asJava)
    }

    val threadPools = ArrayBuffer.empty[ExecutorService]
    val jobs = mutable.Map.empty[File, Seq[Future[_]]]

    // stop the cleaner first
    if (cleaner != null) {
      Utils.swallow(this.logger.underlying, () => cleaner.shutdown())
    }

    val localLogsByDir = logsByDir

    // close logs in each dir
    for (dir <- liveLogDirs) {
      debug(s"Flushing and closing logs at $dir")

      val pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(numRecoveryThreadsPerDataDir,
        KafkaThread.nonDaemon(s"log-closing-${dir.getAbsolutePath}", _))
      threadPools.append(pool)

      val logs = logsInDir(localLogsByDir, dir).values

      val jobsForDir = logs.map { log =>
        val runnable: Runnable = () => {
          // flush the log to ensure latest possible recovery point
          log.flush(true)
          log.close()
        }
        runnable
      }

      jobs(dir) = jobsForDir.map(pool.submit).toSeq
    }

    try {
      jobs.foreachEntry { (dir, dirJobs) =>
        if (JLogManager.waitForAllToComplete(dirJobs.toList.asJava,
          e => warn(s"There was an error in one of the threads during LogManager shutdown: ${e.getCause}"))) {
          val logs = logsInDir(localLogsByDir, dir)

          // update the last flush point
          debug(s"Updating recovery points at $dir")
          checkpointRecoveryOffsetsInDir(dir, logs)

          debug(s"Updating log start offsets at $dir")
          checkpointLogStartOffsetsInDir(dir, logs)

          // mark that the shutdown was clean by creating marker file for log dirs that:
          //  1. had clean shutdown marker file; or
          //  2. had no clean shutdown marker file, but all logs under it have been recovered at startup time
          val logDirAbsolutePath = dir.getAbsolutePath
          if (hadCleanShutdownFlags.getOrDefault(logDirAbsolutePath, false) ||
              loadLogsCompletedFlags.getOrDefault(logDirAbsolutePath, false)) {
            val cleanShutdownFileHandler = new CleanShutdownFileHandler(dir.getPath)
            debug(s"Writing clean shutdown marker at $dir with broker epoch=$brokerEpoch")
            Utils.swallow(this.logger.underlying, () => cleanShutdownFileHandler.write(brokerEpoch))
          }
        }
      }
    } finally {
      threadPools.foreach(_.shutdown())
      // regardless of whether the close succeeded, we need to unlock the data directories
      dirLocks.foreach(_.destroy())
    }

    info("Shutdown complete.")
  }

  /**
   * Truncate the partition logs to the specified offsets and checkpoint the recovery point to this offset
   *
   * @param partitionOffsets Partition logs that need to be truncated
   * @param isFuture True iff the truncation should be performed on the future log of the specified partitions
   */
  def truncateTo(partitionOffsets: Map[TopicPartition, Long], isFuture: Boolean): Unit = {
    val affectedLogs = ArrayBuffer.empty[UnifiedLog]
    for ((topicPartition, truncateOffset) <- partitionOffsets) {
      val log = {
        if (isFuture)
          futureLogs.get(topicPartition)
        else
          currentLogs.get(topicPartition)
      }
      // If the log does not exist, skip it
      if (log != null) {
        // May need to abort and pause the cleaning of the log, and resume after truncation is done.
        val needToStopCleaner = truncateOffset < log.activeSegment.baseOffset
        if (needToStopCleaner && !isFuture)
          abortAndPauseCleaning(topicPartition)
        try {
          if (log.truncateTo(truncateOffset))
            affectedLogs += log
          if (needToStopCleaner && !isFuture)
            maybeTruncateCleanerCheckpointToActiveSegmentBaseOffset(log, topicPartition)
        } finally {
          if (needToStopCleaner && !isFuture)
            resumeCleaning(topicPartition)
        }
      }
    }

    for (dir <- affectedLogs.map(_.parentDirFile).distinct) {
      checkpointRecoveryOffsetsInDir(dir)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Delete all data in a partition and start the log at the new offset
   *
   * @param topicPartition The partition whose log needs to be truncated
   * @param newOffset The new offset to start the log with
   * @param isFuture True iff the truncation should be performed on the future log of the specified partition
   * @param logStartOffsetOpt The log start offset to set for the log. If None, the new offset will be used.
   */
  def truncateFullyAndStartAt(topicPartition: TopicPartition,
                              newOffset: Long,
                              isFuture: Boolean,
                              logStartOffsetOpt: Optional[JLong] = Optional.empty): Unit = {
    val log = {
      if (isFuture)
        futureLogs.get(topicPartition)
      else
        currentLogs.get(topicPartition)
    }
    // If the log does not exist, skip it
    if (log != null) {
      // Abort and pause the cleaning of the log, and resume after truncation is done.
      if (!isFuture)
        abortAndPauseCleaning(topicPartition)
      try {
        log.truncateFullyAndStartAt(newOffset, logStartOffsetOpt)
        if (!isFuture)
          maybeTruncateCleanerCheckpointToActiveSegmentBaseOffset(log, topicPartition)
      } finally {
        if (!isFuture)
          resumeCleaning(topicPartition)
      }
      checkpointRecoveryOffsetsInDir(log.parentDirFile)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Write out the current recovery point for all logs to a text file in the log directory
   * to avoid recovering the whole log on startup.
   */
  def checkpointLogRecoveryOffsets(): Unit = {
    val logsByDirCached = logsByDir
    liveLogDirs.foreach { logDir =>
      val logsToCheckpoint = logsInDir(logsByDirCached, logDir)
      checkpointRecoveryOffsetsInDir(logDir, logsToCheckpoint)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Write out the current log start offset for all logs to a text file in the log directory
   * to avoid exposing data that have been deleted by DeleteRecordsRequest
   */
  def checkpointLogStartOffsets(): Unit = {
    val logsByDirCached = logsByDir
    liveLogDirs.foreach { logDir =>
      checkpointLogStartOffsetsInDir(logDir, logsInDir(logsByDirCached, logDir))
    }
  }

  /**
   * Checkpoint recovery offsets for all the logs in logDir.
   *
   * @param logDir the directory in which the logs to be checkpointed are
   */
  // Only for testing
  private[log] def checkpointRecoveryOffsetsInDir(logDir: File): Unit = {
    checkpointRecoveryOffsetsInDir(logDir, logsInDir(logDir))
  }

  /**
   * Checkpoint recovery offsets for all the provided logs.
   *
   * @param logDir the directory in which the logs are
   * @param logsToCheckpoint the logs to be checkpointed
   */
  private def checkpointRecoveryOffsetsInDir(logDir: File, logsToCheckpoint: Map[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog]): Unit = {
    try {
      recoveryPointCheckpoints.get(logDir).foreach { checkpoint =>
        val recoveryOffsets: Map[TopicPartition, JLong] = logsToCheckpoint.map { case (tp, log) => tp -> long2Long(log.recoveryPoint) }
        // checkpoint.write calls Utils.atomicMoveWithFallback, which flushes the parent
        // directory and guarantees crash consistency.
        checkpoint.write(recoveryOffsets.asJava)
      }
    } catch {
      case e: KafkaStorageException =>
        error(s"Disk error while writing recovery offsets checkpoint in directory $logDir: ${e.getMessage}")
      case e: IOException =>
        logDirFailureChannel.maybeAddOfflineLogDir(logDir.getAbsolutePath,
          s"Disk error while writing recovery offsets checkpoint in directory $logDir: ${e.getMessage}", e)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Checkpoint log start offsets for all the provided logs in the provided directory.
   *
   * @param logDir the directory in which logs are checkpointed
   * @param logsToCheckpoint the logs to be checkpointed
   */
  private def checkpointLogStartOffsetsInDir(logDir: File, logsToCheckpoint: Map[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog]): Unit = {
    try {
      logStartOffsetCheckpoints.get(logDir).foreach { checkpoint =>
        val logStartOffsets: Map[TopicPartition, JLong] = logsToCheckpoint.collect {
          case (tp, log) if log.remoteLogEnabled() || log.logStartOffset > log.logSegments.asScala.head.baseOffset =>
            tp -> long2Long(log.logStartOffset)
        }
        checkpoint.write(logStartOffsets.asJava)
      }
    } catch {
      case e: KafkaStorageException =>
        error(s"Disk error while writing log start offsets checkpoint in directory $logDir: ${e.getMessage}")
    }
  }

  // The logDir should be an absolute path
  def maybeUpdatePreferredLogDir(topicPartition: TopicPartition, logDir: String): Unit = {
    // Do not cache the preferred log directory if either the current log or the future log for this partition exists in the specified logDir
    if (!getLog(topicPartition).exists(_.parentDir == logDir) &&
        !getLog(topicPartition, isFuture = true).exists(_.parentDir == logDir))
      preferredLogDirs.put(topicPartition, logDir)
  }

  /**
   * Abort and pause cleaning of the provided partition and log a message about it.
   */
  def abortAndPauseCleaning(topicPartition: TopicPartition): Unit = {
    if (cleaner != null) {
      cleaner.abortAndPauseCleaning(topicPartition)
      info(s"The cleaning for partition $topicPartition is aborted and paused")
    }
  }

  /**
   * Abort cleaning of the provided partition and log a message about it.
   */
  def abortCleaning(topicPartition: TopicPartition): Unit = {
    if (cleaner != null) {
      cleaner.abortCleaning(topicPartition)
      info(s"The cleaning for partition $topicPartition is aborted")
    }
  }

  /**
   * Resume cleaning of the provided partition and log a message about it.
   */
  def resumeCleaning(topicPartition: TopicPartition): Unit = {
    if (cleaner != null) {
      cleaner.resumeCleaning(util.Set.of(topicPartition))
      info(s"Cleaning for partition $topicPartition is resumed")
    }
  }

  /**
   * Truncate the cleaner's checkpoint to the based offset of the active segment of
   * the provided log.
   */
  private def maybeTruncateCleanerCheckpointToActiveSegmentBaseOffset(log: UnifiedLog, topicPartition: TopicPartition): Unit = {
    if (cleaner != null) {
      cleaner.maybeTruncateCheckpoint(log.parentDirFile, topicPartition, log.activeSegment.baseOffset)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Get the log if it exists, otherwise return None
   *
   * @param topicPartition the partition of the log
   * @param isFuture True iff the future log of the specified partition should be returned
   */
  def getLog(topicPartition: TopicPartition, isFuture: Boolean = false): Option[UnifiedLog] = {
    if (isFuture)
      Option(futureLogs.get(topicPartition))
    else
      Option(currentLogs.get(topicPartition))
  }

  /**
   * Method to indicate that logs are getting initialized for the partition passed in as argument.
   * This method should always be followed by [[kafka.log.LogManager#finishedInitializingLog]] to indicate that log
   * initialization is done.
   */
  def initializingLog(topicPartition: TopicPartition): Unit = {
    partitionsInitializing(topicPartition) = false
  }

  /**
   * Mark the partition configuration for all partitions that are getting initialized for topic
   * as dirty. That will result in reloading of configuration once initialization is done.
   */
  def topicConfigUpdated(topic: String): Unit = {
    partitionsInitializing.keys.filter(_.topic() == topic).foreach {
      topicPartition => partitionsInitializing.replace(topicPartition, false, true)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Update the configuration of the provided topic.
   */
  def updateTopicConfig(topic: String,
                        newTopicConfig: Properties,
                        isRemoteLogStorageSystemEnabled: Boolean,
                        wasRemoteLogEnabled: Boolean): Unit = {
    topicConfigUpdated(topic)
    val logs = logsByTopic(topic)
    val newLogConfig = LogConfig.fromProps(currentDefaultConfig.originals, newTopicConfig)
    val isRemoteLogStorageEnabled = newLogConfig.remoteStorageEnable()
    // We would like to validate the configuration no matter whether the logs have materialised on disk or not.
    // Otherwise we risk someone creating a tiered-topic, disabling Tiered Storage cluster-wide and the check
    // failing since the logs for the topic are non-existent.
    LogConfig.validateRemoteStorageOnlyIfSystemEnabled(newLogConfig.values(), isRemoteLogStorageSystemEnabled, true)
    LogConfig.validateTurningOffRemoteStorageWithDelete(newLogConfig.values(), wasRemoteLogEnabled, isRemoteLogStorageEnabled)
    LogConfig.validateRetentionConfigsWhenRemoteCopyDisabled(newLogConfig.values(), isRemoteLogStorageEnabled)
    if (logs.nonEmpty) {
      logs.foreach { log =>
        val oldLogConfig = log.updateConfig(newLogConfig)
        if (oldLogConfig.compact && !newLogConfig.compact) {
          abortCleaning(log.topicPartition)
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Mark all in progress partitions having dirty configuration if broker configuration is updated.
   */
  def brokerConfigUpdated(): Unit = {
    partitionsInitializing.keys.foreach {
      topicPartition => partitionsInitializing.replace(topicPartition, false, true)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Method to indicate that the log initialization for the partition passed in as argument is
   * finished. This method should follow a call to [[kafka.log.LogManager#initializingLog]].
   *
   * It will retrieve the topic configs a second time if they were updated while the
   * relevant log was being loaded.
   */
  def finishedInitializingLog(topicPartition: TopicPartition,
                              maybeLog: Option[UnifiedLog]): Unit = {
    val removedValue = partitionsInitializing.remove(topicPartition)
    if (removedValue.contains(true))
      maybeLog.foreach(_.updateConfig(fetchLogConfig(topicPartition.topic)))
  }

  /**
   * If the log already exists, just return a copy of the existing log
   * Otherwise if isNew=true or if there is no offline log directory, create a log for the given topic and the given partition
   * Otherwise throw KafkaStorageException
   *
   * @param topicPartition The partition whose log needs to be returned or created
   * @param isNew Whether the replica should have existed on the broker or not
   * @param isFuture True if the future log of the specified partition should be returned or created
   * @param topicId The topic ID of the partition's topic
   * @param targetLogDirectoryId The directory Id that should host the partition's topic.
   *                             The next selected directory will be picked up if it None or equal {@link DirectoryId.UNASSIGNED}.
   *                             The method assumes provided Id belong to online directory.
   * @throws KafkaStorageException if isNew=false, log is not found in the cache and there is offline log directory on the broker
   * @throws InconsistentTopicIdException if the topic ID in the log does not match the topic ID provided
   */
  def getOrCreateLog(topicPartition: TopicPartition, isNew: Boolean = false, isFuture: Boolean = false,
                     topicId: Optional[Uuid], targetLogDirectoryId: Option[Uuid] = Option.empty): UnifiedLog = {
    logCreationOrDeletionLock synchronized {
      val log = getLog(topicPartition, isFuture).getOrElse {
        // create the log if it has not already been created in another thread
        if (!isNew && offlineLogDirs.nonEmpty)
          throw new KafkaStorageException(s"Can not create log for $topicPartition because log directories ${offlineLogDirs.mkString(",")} are offline")

        val logDirs: List[File] = {
          val preferredLogDir = targetLogDirectoryId.filterNot(Seq(DirectoryId.UNASSIGNED,DirectoryId.LOST).contains) match {
            case Some(targetId) if !preferredLogDirs.containsKey(topicPartition) =>
              // If partition is configured with both targetLogDirectoryId and preferredLogDirs, then
              // preferredLogDirs will be respected, otherwise targetLogDirectoryId will be respected
              directoryIds.find(_._2 == targetId).map(_._1).orNull
            case _ =>
              preferredLogDirs.get(topicPartition)
          }

          if (isFuture) {
            if (preferredLogDir == null)
              throw new IllegalStateException(s"Can not create the future log for $topicPartition without having a preferred log directory")
            else if (getLog(topicPartition).get.parentDir == preferredLogDir)
              throw new IllegalStateException(s"Can not create the future log for $topicPartition in the current log directory of this partition")
          }

          if (preferredLogDir != null)
            List(new File(preferredLogDir))
          else
            nextLogDirs()
        }

        val logDirName = {
          if (isFuture)
            UnifiedLog.logFutureDirName(topicPartition)
          else
            UnifiedLog.logDirName(topicPartition)
        }

        val logDir = logDirs
          .iterator // to prevent actually mapping the whole list, lazy map
          .map(createLogDirectory(_, logDirName))
          .find(_.isSuccess)
          .getOrElse(Failure(new KafkaStorageException("No log directories available. Tried " + logDirs.map(_.getAbsolutePath).mkString(", "))))
          .get // If Failure, will throw

        val config = fetchLogConfig(topicPartition.topic)
        val log = UnifiedLog.create(
          logDir,
          config,
          0L,
          0L,
          scheduler,
          brokerTopicStats,
          time,
          maxTransactionTimeoutMs,
          producerStateManagerConfig,
          producerIdExpirationCheckIntervalMs,
          logDirFailureChannel,
          true,
          topicId,
          new ConcurrentHashMap[String, Integer](),
          remoteStorageSystemEnable,
          LogOffsetsListener.NO_OP_OFFSETS_LISTENER)

        if (isFuture)
          futureLogs.put(topicPartition, log)
        else
          currentLogs.put(topicPartition, log)

        info(s"Created log for partition $topicPartition in $logDir with properties ${config.overriddenConfigsAsLoggableString}")
        // Remove the preferred log dir since it has already been satisfied
        preferredLogDirs.remove(topicPartition)

        log
      }
      
      // Ensure topic IDs are consistent
      topicId.ifPresent { topicId =>
        log.topicId.ifPresent { logTopicId =>
          if (topicId != logTopicId)
            throw new InconsistentTopicIdException(s"Tried to assign topic ID $topicId to log for topic partition $topicPartition," +
              s"but log already contained topic ID $logTopicId")
        }
      }
      log
    }
  }

  private[log] def createLogDirectory(logDir: File, logDirName: String): Try[File] = {
    val logDirPath = logDir.getAbsolutePath
    if (isLogDirOnline(logDirPath)) {
      val dir = new File(logDirPath, logDirName)
      try {
        Files.createDirectories(dir.toPath)
        Success(dir)
      } catch {
        case e: IOException =>
          val msg = s"Error while creating log for $logDirName in dir $logDirPath"
          logDirFailureChannel.maybeAddOfflineLogDir(logDirPath, msg, e)
          warn(msg, e)
          Failure(new KafkaStorageException(msg, e))
      }
    } else {
      Failure(new KafkaStorageException(s"Can not create log $logDirName because log directory $logDirPath is offline"))
    }
  }

  /**
   *  Delete logs marked for deletion. Delete all logs for which `currentDefaultConfig.fileDeleteDelayMs`
   *  has elapsed after the delete was scheduled. Logs for which this interval has not yet elapsed will be
   *  considered for deletion in the next iteration of `deleteLogs`. The next iteration will be executed
   *  after the remaining time for the first log that is not deleted. If there are no more `logsToBeDeleted`,
   *  `deleteLogs` will be executed after `max(currentDefaultConfig.fileDeleteDelayMs, 1)`.
   */
  private def deleteLogs(): Unit = {
    var nextDelayMs = 0L
    val fileDeleteDelayMs = currentDefaultConfig.fileDeleteDelayMs
    try {
      def nextDeleteDelayMs: Long = {
        if (!logsToBeDeleted.isEmpty) {
          val (_, scheduleTimeMs) = logsToBeDeleted.peek()
          scheduleTimeMs + fileDeleteDelayMs - time.milliseconds()
        } else {
          // avoid the case: fileDeleteDelayMs is 0 with empty logsToBeDeleted
          // in this case, logsToBeDeleted.take() will block forever
          Math.max(fileDeleteDelayMs, 1)
        }
      }

      while ({nextDelayMs = nextDeleteDelayMs; nextDelayMs <= 0}) {
        val (removedLog, _) = logsToBeDeleted.take()
        if (removedLog != null) {
          try {
            removedLog.delete()
            info(s"Deleted log for partition ${removedLog.topicPartition} in ${removedLog.dir.getAbsolutePath}.")
          } catch {
            case e: KafkaStorageException =>
              error(s"Exception while deleting $removedLog in dir ${removedLog.parentDir}.", e)
          }
        }
      }
    } catch {
      case e: Throwable =>
        error(s"Exception in kafka-delete-logs thread.", e)
    } finally {
      try {
        scheduler.scheduleOnce("kafka-delete-logs",
          () => deleteLogs(),
          nextDelayMs)
      } catch {
        case e: Throwable =>
          // No errors should occur unless scheduler has been shutdown
          error(s"Failed to schedule next delete in kafka-delete-logs thread", e)
      }
    }
  }

  def recoverAbandonedFutureLogs(brokerId: Int, newTopicsImage: TopicsImage): Unit = {
    val abandonedFutureLogs = findAbandonedFutureLogs(brokerId, newTopicsImage)
    abandonedFutureLogs.foreach { case (futureLog, currentLog) =>
      val tp = futureLog.topicPartition
      // We invoke abortAndPauseCleaning here because log cleaner runs asynchronously and replaceCurrentWithFutureLog
      // invokes resumeCleaning which requires log cleaner's internal state to have a key for the given topic partition.
      abortAndPauseCleaning(tp)

      if (currentLog.isDefined)
        info(s"Attempting to recover abandoned future log for $tp at $futureLog and removing ${currentLog.get}")
      else
        info(s"Attempting to recover abandoned future log for $tp at $futureLog")
      replaceCurrentWithFutureLog(currentLog, futureLog)
      info(s"Successfully recovered abandoned future log for $tp")
    }
  }

  private def findAbandonedFutureLogs(brokerId: Int, newTopicsImage: TopicsImage): Iterable[(UnifiedLog, Option[UnifiedLog])] = {
    futureLogs.asScala.values.flatMap { futureLog =>
      val topicId = futureLog.topicId.orElseThrow(() =>
        new RuntimeException(s"The log dir $futureLog does not have a topic ID, " +
          "which is not allowed when running in KRaft mode.")
      )
      val partitionId = futureLog.topicPartition.partition()
      Option(newTopicsImage.getPartition(topicId, partitionId))
        .filter(pr => directoryId(futureLog.parentDir).contains(pr.directory(brokerId)))
        .map(_ => (futureLog, Option(currentLogs.get(futureLog.topicPartition)).filter(currentLog =>
          currentLog.topicId.filter(_ == topicId).isPresent)))
    }
  }

  /**
    * Mark the partition directory in the source log directory for deletion and
    * rename the future log of this partition in the destination log directory to be the current log
    *
    * @param topicPartition TopicPartition that needs to be swapped
    */
  def replaceCurrentWithFutureLog(topicPartition: TopicPartition): Unit = {
    logCreationOrDeletionLock synchronized {
      val sourceLog = currentLogs.get(topicPartition)
      val destLog = futureLogs.get(topicPartition)

      if (sourceLog == null)
        throw new KafkaStorageException(s"The current replica for $topicPartition is offline")
      if (destLog == null)
        throw new KafkaStorageException(s"The future replica for $topicPartition is offline")

      info(s"Attempting to replace current log $sourceLog with $destLog for $topicPartition")
      replaceCurrentWithFutureLog(Option(sourceLog), destLog, updateHighWatermark = true)
      info(s"The current replica is successfully replaced with the future replica for $topicPartition")
    }
  }

  def replaceCurrentWithFutureLog(sourceLog: Option[UnifiedLog], destLog: UnifiedLog, updateHighWatermark: Boolean = false): Unit = {
    val topicPartition = destLog.topicPartition

    destLog.renameDir(UnifiedLog.logDirName(topicPartition), true)
    // the metrics tags still contain "future", so we have to remove it.
    // we will add metrics back after sourceLog remove the metrics
    destLog.removeLogMetrics()
    if (updateHighWatermark && sourceLog.isDefined) {
      destLog.updateHighWatermark(sourceLog.get.highWatermark)
    }

    // Now that future replica has been successfully renamed to be the current replica
    // Update the cached map and log cleaner as appropriate.
    futureLogs.remove(topicPartition)
    currentLogs.put(topicPartition, destLog)
    if (cleaner != null) {
      sourceLog.foreach { srcLog =>
        cleaner.alterCheckpointDir(topicPartition, srcLog.parentDirFile, destLog.parentDirFile)
      }
      resumeCleaning(topicPartition)
    }

    try {
      sourceLog.foreach { srcLog =>
        srcLog.renameDir(UnifiedLog.logDeleteDirName(topicPartition), true)
        // Now that replica in source log directory has been successfully renamed for deletion,
        // update checkpoint files and enqueue this log to be deleted.
        // Note: We intentionally do NOT close the log here to avoid race conditions where concurrent
        // operations (e.g., log flusher, fetch requests) might encounter ClosedChannelException.
        // The log will be deleted asynchronously by the background delete-logs thread.
        // File handles are intentionally left open; Unix semantics allow the renamed files
        // to remain accessible until all handles are closed.
        val logDir = srcLog.parentDirFile
        val logsToCheckpoint = logsInDir(logDir)
        checkpointRecoveryOffsetsInDir(logDir, logsToCheckpoint)
        checkpointLogStartOffsetsInDir(logDir, logsToCheckpoint)
        srcLog.removeLogMetrics()
        addLogToBeDeleted(srcLog)
      }
      destLog.newMetrics()
    } catch {
      case e: KafkaStorageException =>
        // If sourceLog's log directory is offline, we need close its handlers here.
        // handleLogDirFailure() will not close handlers of sourceLog because it has been removed from currentLogs map
        sourceLog.foreach { srcLog =>
          srcLog.closeHandlers()
          srcLog.removeLogMetrics()
        }
        throw e
    }
  }

  /**
    * Rename the directory of the given topic-partition "logdir" as "logdir.uuid.delete" and
    * add it in the queue for deletion.
    *
    * @param topicPartition TopicPartition that needs to be deleted
    * @param isFuture True iff the future log of the specified partition should be deleted
    * @param checkpoint True if checkpoints must be written
    * @return the removed log
    */
  def asyncDelete(topicPartition: TopicPartition,
                  isFuture: Boolean = false,
                  checkpoint: Boolean = true,
                  isStray: Boolean = false): Option[UnifiedLog] = {
    val removedLog: Option[UnifiedLog] = logCreationOrDeletionLock synchronized {
      removeLogAndMetrics(if (isFuture) futureLogs else currentLogs, topicPartition)
    }
    removedLog match {
      case Some(removedLog) =>
        // We need to wait until there is no more cleaning task on the log to be deleted before actually deleting it.
        if (cleaner != null && !isFuture) {
          cleaner.abortCleaning(topicPartition)
          if (checkpoint) {
            cleaner.updateCheckpoints(removedLog.parentDirFile, Optional.of(topicPartition))
          }
        }
        if (isStray) {
          // Move aside stray partitions, don't delete them
          removedLog.renameDir(UnifiedLog.logStrayDirName(topicPartition), false)
          warn(s"Log for partition ${removedLog.topicPartition} is marked as stray and renamed to ${removedLog.dir.getAbsolutePath}")
        } else {
          removedLog.renameDir(UnifiedLog.logDeleteDirName(topicPartition), false)
          addLogToBeDeleted(removedLog)
          info(s"Log for partition ${removedLog.topicPartition} is renamed to ${removedLog.dir.getAbsolutePath} and is scheduled for deletion")
        }
        if (checkpoint) {
          val logDir = removedLog.parentDirFile
          val logsToCheckpoint = logsInDir(logDir)
          checkpointRecoveryOffsetsInDir(logDir, logsToCheckpoint)
          checkpointLogStartOffsetsInDir(logDir, logsToCheckpoint)
        }

      case None =>
        if (offlineLogDirs.nonEmpty) {
          throw new KafkaStorageException(s"Failed to delete log for ${if (isFuture) "future" else ""} $topicPartition because it may be in one of the offline directories ${offlineLogDirs.mkString(",")}")
        }
    }

    removedLog
  }

  /**
   * Rename the directories of the given topic-partitions and add them in the queue for
   * deletion. Checkpoints are updated once all the directories have been renamed.
   *
   * @param topicPartitions The set of topic-partitions to delete asynchronously
   * @param errorHandler The error handler that will be called when an exception for a particular
   *                     topic-partition is raised
   */
  def asyncDelete(topicPartitions: Iterable[TopicPartition],
                  isStray: Boolean,
                  errorHandler: (TopicPartition, Throwable) => Unit): Unit = {
    val logDirs = mutable.Set.empty[File]

    topicPartitions.foreach { topicPartition =>
      try {
        getLog(topicPartition).foreach { log =>
          logDirs += log.parentDirFile
          asyncDelete(topicPartition, checkpoint = false, isStray = isStray)
        }
        getLog(topicPartition, isFuture = true).foreach { log =>
          logDirs += log.parentDirFile
          asyncDelete(topicPartition, isFuture = true, checkpoint = false, isStray = isStray)
        }
      } catch {
        case e: Throwable => errorHandler(topicPartition, e)
      }
    }

    val logsByDirCached = logsByDir
    logDirs.foreach { logDir =>
      if (cleaner != null) cleaner.updateCheckpoints(logDir, Optional.empty())
      val logsToCheckpoint = logsInDir(logsByDirCached, logDir)
      checkpointRecoveryOffsetsInDir(logDir, logsToCheckpoint)
      checkpointLogStartOffsetsInDir(logDir, logsToCheckpoint)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Provides the full ordered list of suggested directories for the next partition.
   * Currently this is done by calculating the number of partitions in each directory and then sorting the
   * data directories by fewest partitions.
   *
   * It's possible replicas are assigned to this broker right before all its log directories are cordoned.
   * In that case, pick the first available directory
   */
  def nextLogDirs(): List[File] = {
    if (_liveLogDirs.size == 1) {
      List(_liveLogDirs.peek())
    } else {
      // count the number of logs in each parent directory (including 0 for empty directories
      val logCounts = allLogs.groupBy(_.parentDir).map { case (parent, logs) => parent -> logs.size }
      val zeros = _liveLogDirs.asScala.map(dir => (dir.getPath, 0)).toMap
      val dirCounts = (zeros ++ logCounts).filter(d => !cordonedLogDirs().contains(d._1)).toBuffer

      if (dirCounts.isEmpty) {
        // all log directories are cordoned, choose the first live directory
        List(_liveLogDirs.peek())
      } else {
        // choose the directory with the least logs in it
        dirCounts.sortBy(_._2).map {
          case (path: String, _: Int) => new File(path)
        }.toList
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Delete any eligible logs. Return the number of segments deleted.
   * Only consider logs that are not compacted.
   */
  private def cleanupLogs(): Unit = {
    debug("Beginning log cleanup...")
    var total = 0
    val startMs = time.milliseconds

    // clean current logs.
    val deletableLogs: util.Map[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog] = {
      if (cleaner != null) {
        // prevent cleaner from working on same partitions when changing cleanup policy
        cleaner.pauseCleaningForNonCompactedPartitions()
      } else {
        currentLogs.entrySet().stream()
          .filter(e => !e.getValue.config.compact)
          .collect(Collectors.toMap(
            (e: util.Map.Entry[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog]) => e.getKey,
            (e: util.Map.Entry[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog]) => e.getValue
          ))
      }
    }

    try {
      deletableLogs.forEach {
        case (topicPartition, log) =>
          debug(s"Garbage collecting '${log.name}'")
          total += log.deleteOldSegments()

          val futureLog = futureLogs.get(topicPartition)
          if (futureLog != null) {
            // clean future logs
            debug(s"Garbage collecting future log '${futureLog.name}'")
            total += futureLog.deleteOldSegments()
          }
      }
    } finally {
      if (cleaner != null) {
        cleaner.resumeCleaning(deletableLogs.keySet())
      }
    }

    debug(s"Log cleanup completed. $total files deleted in " +
                  (time.milliseconds - startMs) / 1000 + " seconds")
  }

  /**
   * Get all the partition logs
   */
  def allLogs: Iterable[UnifiedLog] = currentLogs.asScala.values ++ futureLogs.asScala.values

  def logsByTopic(topic: String): Seq[UnifiedLog] = {
    (currentLogs.asScala.toList ++ futureLogs.asScala.toList).collect {
      case (topicPartition, log) if topicPartition.topic == topic => log
    }
  }

  /**
   * Map of log dir to logs by topic and partitions in that dir
   */
  private def logsByDir: Map[String, Map[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog]] = {
    // This code is called often by checkpoint processes and is written in a way that reduces
    // allocations and CPU with many topic partitions.
    // When changing this code please measure the changes with org.apache.kafka.jmh.server.CheckpointBench
    val byDir = new mutable.AnyRefMap[String, mutable.AnyRefMap[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog]]()
    def addToDir(tp: TopicPartition, log: UnifiedLog): Unit = {
      byDir.getOrElseUpdate(log.parentDir, new mutable.AnyRefMap[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog]()).put(tp, log)
    }
    currentLogs.asScala.foreachEntry(addToDir)
    futureLogs.asScala.foreachEntry(addToDir)
    byDir
  }

  private def logsInDir(dir: File): Map[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog] = {
    logsByDir.getOrElse(dir.getAbsolutePath, Map.empty)
  }

  private def logsInDir(cachedLogsByDir: Map[String, Map[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog]],
                        dir: File): Map[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog] = {
    cachedLogsByDir.getOrElse(dir.getAbsolutePath, Map.empty)
  }

  // logDir should be an absolute path
  def isLogDirOnline(logDir: String): Boolean = {
    // The logDir should be an absolute path
    if (!logDirs.exists(_.getAbsolutePath == logDir))
      throw new LogDirNotFoundException(s"Log dir $logDir is not found in the config.")

    _liveLogDirs.contains(new File(logDir))
  }

  /**
   * Flush any log which has exceeded its flush interval and has unwritten messages.
   */
  private def flushDirtyLogs(): Unit = {
    debug("Checking for dirty logs to flush...")

    for ((topicPartition, log) <- currentLogs.asScala.toList ++ futureLogs.asScala.toList) {
      try {
        val timeSinceLastFlush = time.milliseconds - log.lastFlushTime
        debug(s"Checking if flush is needed on ${topicPartition.topic} flush interval ${log.config.flushMs}" +
              s" last flushed ${log.lastFlushTime} time since last flush: $timeSinceLastFlush")
        if (timeSinceLastFlush >= log.config.flushMs)
          log.flush(false)
      } catch {
        case e: Throwable =>
          error(s"Error flushing topic ${topicPartition.topic}", e)
      }
    }
  }

  private def removeLogAndMetrics(logs: util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap[TopicPartition, UnifiedLog], tp: TopicPartition): Option[UnifiedLog] = {
    val removedLog = logs.remove(tp)
    if (removedLog != null) {
      removedLog.removeLogMetrics()
      Some(removedLog)
    } else {
      None
    }
  }

  def readBrokerEpochFromCleanShutdownFiles(): OptionalLong = {
    // Verify whether all the log dirs have the same broker epoch in their clean shutdown files. If there is any dir not
    // live, fail the broker epoch check.
    if (liveLogDirs.size < logDirs.size) {
      return OptionalLong.empty()
    }
    var brokerEpoch = -1L
    for (dir <- liveLogDirs) {
      val cleanShutdownFileHandler = new CleanShutdownFileHandler(dir.getPath)
      val currentBrokerEpoch = cleanShutdownFileHandler.read
      if (!currentBrokerEpoch.isPresent) {
        info(s"Unable to read the broker epoch in ${dir.toString}.")
        return OptionalLong.empty()
      }
      if (brokerEpoch != -1 && currentBrokerEpoch.getAsLong != brokerEpoch) {
        info(s"Found different broker epochs in ${dir.toString}. Other=$brokerEpoch vs current=$currentBrokerEpoch.")
        return OptionalLong.empty()
      }
      brokerEpoch = currentBrokerEpoch.getAsLong
    }
    OptionalLong.of(brokerEpoch)
  }
}

object LogManager {

  def apply(config: KafkaConfig,
            initialOfflineDirs: Seq[String],
            configRepository: ConfigRepository,
            kafkaScheduler: Scheduler,
            time: Time,
            brokerTopicStats: BrokerTopicStats,
            logDirFailureChannel: LogDirFailureChannel): LogManager = {
    val defaultProps = config.extractLogConfigMap

    LogConfig.validateBrokerLogConfigValues(defaultProps, config.remoteLogManagerConfig.isRemoteStorageSystemEnabled)
    val defaultLogConfig = new LogConfig(defaultProps)

    val cleanerConfig = new CleanerConfig(config)
    val transactionLogConfig = new TransactionLogConfig(config)

    new LogManager(logDirs = config.logDirs.asScala.map(new File(_).getAbsoluteFile),
      initialOfflineDirs = initialOfflineDirs.map(new File(_).getAbsoluteFile),
      configRepository = configRepository,
      initialDefaultConfig = defaultLogConfig,
      cleanerConfig = cleanerConfig,
      recoveryThreadsPerDataDir = config.numRecoveryThreadsPerDataDir,
      flushCheckMs = config.logFlushSchedulerIntervalMs,
      flushRecoveryOffsetCheckpointMs = config.logFlushOffsetCheckpointIntervalMs,
      flushStartOffsetCheckpointMs = config.logFlushStartOffsetCheckpointIntervalMs,
      retentionCheckMs = config.logCleanupIntervalMs,
      maxTransactionTimeoutMs = new TransactionStateManagerConfig(config).transactionMaxTimeoutMs,
      producerStateManagerConfig = new ProducerStateManagerConfig(transactionLogConfig.producerIdExpirationMs, transactionLogConfig.transactionPartitionVerificationEnable),
      producerIdExpirationCheckIntervalMs = transactionLogConfig.producerIdExpirationCheckIntervalMs,
      scheduler = kafkaScheduler,
      brokerTopicStats = brokerTopicStats,
      logDirFailureChannel = logDirFailureChannel,
      time = time,
      remoteStorageSystemEnable = config.remoteLogManagerConfig.isRemoteStorageSystemEnabled,
      initialTaskDelayMs = config.logInitialTaskDelayMs)
  }
}
