/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.lucene.index.memory;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.SortedMap;
import java.util.TreeMap;
import org.apache.lucene.analysis.Analyzer;
import org.apache.lucene.analysis.TokenStream;
import org.apache.lucene.analysis.tokenattributes.CharTermAttribute;
import org.apache.lucene.analysis.tokenattributes.OffsetAttribute;
import org.apache.lucene.analysis.tokenattributes.PayloadAttribute;
import org.apache.lucene.analysis.tokenattributes.PositionIncrementAttribute;
import org.apache.lucene.analysis.tokenattributes.TermToBytesRefAttribute;
import org.apache.lucene.document.Document;
import org.apache.lucene.document.FieldType;
import org.apache.lucene.document.KnnByteVectorField;
import org.apache.lucene.document.KnnFloatVectorField;
import org.apache.lucene.index.*;
import org.apache.lucene.search.AcceptDocs;
import org.apache.lucene.search.Collector;
import org.apache.lucene.search.CollectorManager;
import org.apache.lucene.search.DocIdSetIterator;
import org.apache.lucene.search.IndexSearcher;
import org.apache.lucene.search.KnnCollector;
import org.apache.lucene.search.Query;
import org.apache.lucene.search.Scorable;
import org.apache.lucene.search.ScoreMode;
import org.apache.lucene.search.SimpleCollector;
import org.apache.lucene.search.VectorScorer;
import org.apache.lucene.search.similarities.Similarity;
import org.apache.lucene.store.Directory;
import org.apache.lucene.util.ArrayUtil;
import org.apache.lucene.util.Bits;
import org.apache.lucene.util.ByteBlockPool;
import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRef;
import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRefArray;
import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRefBuilder;
import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRefHash;
import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRefHash.DirectBytesStartArray;
import org.apache.lucene.util.Counter;
import org.apache.lucene.util.IntBlockPool;
import org.apache.lucene.util.RecyclingByteBlockAllocator;
import org.apache.lucene.util.RecyclingIntBlockAllocator;
import org.apache.lucene.util.Version;

/**
 * High-performance single-document main memory Apache Lucene fulltext search index.
 *
 * <p><b>Overview</b>
 *
 * <p>This class is a replacement/substitute for RAM-resident {@link Directory} implementations. It
 * is designed to enable maximum efficiency for on-the-fly matchmaking combining structured and
 * fuzzy fulltext search in realtime streaming applications such as Nux XQuery based XML message
 * queues, publish-subscribe systems for Blogs/newsfeeds, text chat, data acquisition and
 * distribution systems, application level routers, firewalls, classifiers, etc. Rather than
 * targeting fulltext search of infrequent queries over huge persistent data archives (historic
 * search), this class targets fulltext search of huge numbers of queries over comparatively small
 * transient realtime data (prospective search). For example as in
 *
 * <pre class="prettyprint">
 * float score = search(String text, Query query)
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>Each instance can hold at most one Lucene "document", with a document containing zero or more
 * "fields", each field having a name and a fulltext value. The fulltext value is tokenized (split
 * and transformed) into zero or more index terms (aka words) on <code>addField()</code>, according
 * to the policy implemented by an Analyzer. For example, Lucene analyzers can split on whitespace,
 * normalize to lower case for case insensitivity, ignore common terms with little discriminatory
 * value such as "he", "in", "and" (stop words), reduce the terms to their natural linguistic root
 * form such as "fishing" being reduced to "fish" (stemming), resolve synonyms/inflexions/thesauri
 * (upon indexing and/or querying), etc. For details, see <a target="_blank"
 * href="http://today.java.net/pub/a/today/2003/07/30/LuceneIntro.html">Lucene Analyzer Intro</a>.
 *
 * <p>Arbitrary Lucene queries can be run against this class - see <a target="_blank"
 * href="{@docRoot}/../queryparser/org/apache/lucene/queryparser/classic/package-summary.html#package.description">
 * Lucene Query Syntax</a> as well as <a target="_blank"
 * href="http://today.java.net/pub/a/today/2003/11/07/QueryParserRules.html">Query Parser Rules</a>.
 * Note that a Lucene query selects on the field names and associated (indexed) tokenized terms, not
 * on the original fulltext(s) - the latter are not stored but rather thrown away immediately after
 * tokenization.
 *
 * <p>For some interesting background information on search technology, see Bob Wyman's <a
 * target="_blank" href="http://bobwyman.pubsub.com/main/2005/05/mary_hodder_poi.html">Prospective
 * Search</a>, Jim Gray's <a target="_blank"
 * href="http://www.acmqueue.org/modules.php?name=Content&amp;pa=showpage&amp;pid=293&amp;page=4">A
 * Call to Arms - Custom subscriptions</a>, and Tim Bray's <a target="_blank"
 * href="http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/07/30/OnSearchTOC">On Search, the Series</a>.
 *
 * <p><b>Example Usage</b> <br>
 *
 * <pre class="prettyprint">
 * Analyzer analyzer = new SimpleAnalyzer(version);
 * MemoryIndex index = new MemoryIndex();
 * index.addField("content", "Readings about Salmons and other select Alaska fishing Manuals", analyzer);
 * index.addField("author", "Tales of James", analyzer);
 * QueryParser parser = new QueryParser(version, "content", analyzer);
 * float score = index.search(parser.parse("+author:james +salmon~ +fish* manual~"));
 * if (score &gt; 0.0f) {
 *     System.out.println("it's a match");
 * } else {
 *     System.out.println("no match found");
 * }
 * System.out.println("indexData=" + index.toString());
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p><b>Example XQuery Usage</b>
 *
 * <pre class="prettyprint">
 * (: An XQuery that finds all books authored by James that have something to do with "salmon fishing manuals", sorted by relevance :)
 * declare namespace lucene = "java:nux.xom.pool.FullTextUtil";
 * declare variable $query := "+salmon~ +fish* manual~"; (: any arbitrary Lucene query can go here :)
 *
 * for $book in /books/book[author="James" and lucene:match(abstract, $query) &gt; 0.0]
 * let $score := lucene:match($book/abstract, $query)
 * order by $score descending
 * return $book
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p><b>Thread safety guarantees</b>
 *
 * <p>MemoryIndex is not normally thread-safe for adds or queries. However, queries are thread-safe
 * after {@code freeze()} has been called.
 *
 * <p><b>Performance Notes</b>
 *
 * <p>Internally there's a new data structure geared towards efficient indexing and searching, plus
 * the necessary support code to seamlessly plug into the Lucene framework.
 *
 * <p>This class performs very well for very small texts (e.g. 10 chars) as well as for large texts
 * (e.g. 10 MB) and everything in between. Typically, it is about 10-100 times faster than
 * RAM-resident directory.
 *
 * <p>Note that other <code>Directory</code> implementations have particularly large efficiency
 * overheads for small to medium sized texts, both in time and space. Indexing a field with N tokens
 * takes O(N) in the best case, and O(N logN) in the worst case.
 *
 * <p>Example throughput of many simple term queries over a single MemoryIndex: ~500000 queries/sec
 * on a MacBook Pro, jdk 1.5.0_06, server VM. As always, your mileage may vary.
 *
 * <p>If you're curious about the whereabouts of bottlenecks, run java 1.5 with the non-perturbing
 * '-server -agentlib:hprof=cpu=samples,depth=10' flags, then study the trace log and correlate its
 * hotspot trailer with its call stack headers (see <a target="_blank"
 * href="http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/Programming/HPROF.html">hprof tracing
 * </a>).
 */
public class MemoryIndex {
  static class SlicedIntBlockPool extends IntBlockPool {
    /**
     * An array holding the offset into the {@link SlicedIntBlockPool#LEVEL_SIZE_ARRAY} to quickly
     * navigate to the next slice level.
     */
    private static final int[] NEXT_LEVEL_ARRAY = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9};

    /** An array holding the level sizes for int slices. */
    private static final int[] LEVEL_SIZE_ARRAY = {2, 4, 8, 16, 16, 32, 32, 64, 64, 128};

    /** The first level size for new slices */
    private static final int FIRST_LEVEL_SIZE = LEVEL_SIZE_ARRAY[0];

    SlicedIntBlockPool(Allocator allocator) {
      super(allocator);
    }

    /**
     * For slices, buffers must be filled with zeros, so that we can find a slice's end based on a
     * non-zero final value.
     */
    private static boolean assertSliceBuffer(int[] buffer) {
      for (int value : buffer) {
        if (value != 0) {
          return false;
        }
      }
      return true;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new int slice with the given starting size and returns the slices offset in the
     * pool.
     *
     * @see SliceReader
     */
    private int newSlice(final int size) {
      if (intUpto > INT_BLOCK_SIZE - size) {
        nextBuffer();
        assert assertSliceBuffer(buffer);
      }

      final int upto = intUpto;
      intUpto += size;
      buffer[intUpto - 1] = 16;
      return upto;
    }

    /** Allocates a new slice from the given offset */
    private int allocSlice(final int[] slice, final int sliceOffset) {
      final int level = slice[sliceOffset] & 15;
      final int newLevel = NEXT_LEVEL_ARRAY[level];
      final int newSize = LEVEL_SIZE_ARRAY[newLevel];
      // Maybe allocate another block
      if (intUpto > INT_BLOCK_SIZE - newSize) {
        nextBuffer();
        assert assertSliceBuffer(buffer);
      }

      final int newUpto = intUpto;
      final int offset = newUpto + intOffset;
      intUpto += newSize;
      // Write forwarding address at end of last slice:
      slice[sliceOffset] = offset;

      // Write new level:
      buffer[intUpto - 1] = 16 | newLevel;

      return newUpto;
    }

    /**
     * A {@link SliceWriter} that allows to write multiple integer slices into a given {@link
     * IntBlockPool}.
     *
     * @see SliceReader
     * @lucene.internal
     */
    static class SliceWriter {

      private int offset;
      private final SlicedIntBlockPool slicedIntBlockPool;

      public SliceWriter(SlicedIntBlockPool slicedIntBlockPool) {
        this.slicedIntBlockPool = slicedIntBlockPool;
      }

      /** */
      public void reset(int sliceOffset) {
        this.offset = sliceOffset;
      }

      /** Writes the given value into the slice and resizes the slice if needed */
      public void writeInt(int value) {
        int[] ints = slicedIntBlockPool.buffers[offset >> INT_BLOCK_SHIFT];
        assert ints != null;
        int relativeOffset = offset & INT_BLOCK_MASK;
        if (ints[relativeOffset] != 0) {
          // End of slice; allocate a new one
          relativeOffset = slicedIntBlockPool.allocSlice(ints, relativeOffset);
          ints = slicedIntBlockPool.buffer;
          offset = relativeOffset + slicedIntBlockPool.intOffset;
        }
        ints[relativeOffset] = value;
        offset++;
      }

      /**
       * starts a new slice and returns the start offset. The returned value should be used as the
       * start offset to initialize a {@link SliceReader}.
       */
      public int startNewSlice() {
        return offset =
            slicedIntBlockPool.newSlice(FIRST_LEVEL_SIZE) + slicedIntBlockPool.intOffset;
      }

      /**
       * Returns the offset of the currently written slice. The returned value should be used as the
       * end offset to initialize a {@link SliceReader} once this slice is fully written or to reset
       * the writer if another slice needs to be written.
       */
      public int getCurrentOffset() {
        return offset;
      }
    }

    /**
     * A {@link SliceReader} that can read int slices written by a {@link SliceWriter}
     *
     * @lucene.internal
     */
    static class SliceReader {

      private final SlicedIntBlockPool slicedIntBlockPool;
      private int upto;
      private int bufferUpto;
      private int bufferOffset;
      private int[] buffer;
      private int limit;
      private int level;
      private int end;

      /** Creates a new {@link SliceReader} on the given pool */
      public SliceReader(SlicedIntBlockPool slicedIntBlockPool) {
        this.slicedIntBlockPool = slicedIntBlockPool;
      }

      /** Resets the reader to a slice give the slices absolute start and end offset in the pool */
      public void reset(int startOffset, int endOffset) {
        bufferUpto = startOffset / INT_BLOCK_SIZE;
        bufferOffset = bufferUpto * INT_BLOCK_SIZE;
        this.end = endOffset;
        level = 0;

        buffer = slicedIntBlockPool.buffers[bufferUpto];
        upto = startOffset & INT_BLOCK_MASK;

        final int firstSize = LEVEL_SIZE_ARRAY[0];
        if (startOffset + firstSize >= endOffset) {
          // There is only this one slice to read
          limit = endOffset & INT_BLOCK_MASK;
        } else {
          limit = upto + firstSize - 1;
        }
      }

      /**
       * Returns <code>true</code> iff the current slice is fully read. If this method returns
       * <code>
       * true</code> {@link SliceReader#readInt()} should not be called again on this slice.
       */
      public boolean endOfSlice() {
        assert upto + bufferOffset <= end;
        return upto + bufferOffset == end;
      }

      /**
       * Reads the next int from the current slice and returns it.
       *
       * @see SliceReader#endOfSlice()
       */
      public int readInt() {
        assert !endOfSlice();
        assert upto <= limit;
        if (upto == limit) nextSlice();
        return buffer[upto++];
      }

      private void nextSlice() {
        // Skip to our next slice
        final int nextIndex = buffer[limit];
        level = NEXT_LEVEL_ARRAY[level];
        final int newSize = LEVEL_SIZE_ARRAY[level];

        bufferUpto = nextIndex / INT_BLOCK_SIZE;
        bufferOffset = bufferUpto * INT_BLOCK_SIZE;

        buffer = slicedIntBlockPool.buffers[bufferUpto];
        upto = nextIndex & INT_BLOCK_MASK;

        if (nextIndex + newSize >= end) {
          // We are advancing to the final slice
          assert end - nextIndex > 0;
          limit = end - bufferOffset;
        } else {
          // This is not the final slice (subtract 4 for the
          // forwarding address at the end of this new slice)
          limit = upto + newSize - 1;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  private static final boolean DEBUG = false;

  /** info for each field: Map&lt;String fieldName, Info field&gt; */
  private final SortedMap<String, Info> fields = new TreeMap<>();

  private final boolean storeOffsets;
  private final boolean storePayloads;

  private final ByteBlockPool byteBlockPool;
  private final SlicedIntBlockPool slicedIntBlockPool;
  private final SlicedIntBlockPool.SliceWriter postingsWriter;
  private final BytesRefArray payloadsBytesRefs; // non null only when storePayloads

  private Counter bytesUsed;

  private boolean frozen = false;

  private Similarity normSimilarity = IndexSearcher.getDefaultSimilarity();

  private FieldType defaultFieldType = new FieldType();

  /** Constructs an empty instance that will not store offsets or payloads. */
  public MemoryIndex() {
    this(false);
  }

  /**
   * Constructs an empty instance that can optionally store the start and end character offset of
   * each token term in the text. This can be useful for highlighting of hit locations with the
   * Lucene highlighter package. But it will not store payloads; use another constructor for that.
   *
   * @param storeOffsets whether or not to store the start and end character offset of each token
   *     term in the text
   */
  public MemoryIndex(boolean storeOffsets) {
    this(storeOffsets, false);
  }

  /**
   * Constructs an empty instance with the option of storing offsets and payloads.
   *
   * @param storeOffsets store term offsets at each position
   * @param storePayloads store term payloads at each position
   */
  public MemoryIndex(boolean storeOffsets, boolean storePayloads) {
    this(storeOffsets, storePayloads, 0);
  }

  /**
   * Expert: This constructor accepts an upper limit for the number of bytes that should be reused
   * if this instance is {@link #reset()}. The payload storage, if used, is unaffected by
   * maxReusuedBytes, however.
   *
   * @param storeOffsets <code>true</code> if offsets should be stored
   * @param storePayloads <code>true</code> if payloads should be stored
   * @param maxReusedBytes the number of bytes that should remain in the internal memory pools after
   *     {@link #reset()} is called
   */
  MemoryIndex(boolean storeOffsets, boolean storePayloads, long maxReusedBytes) {
    this.storeOffsets = storeOffsets;
    this.storePayloads = storePayloads;
    this.defaultFieldType.setIndexOptions(
        storeOffsets
            ? IndexOptions.DOCS_AND_FREQS_AND_POSITIONS_AND_OFFSETS
            : IndexOptions.DOCS_AND_FREQS_AND_POSITIONS);
    this.defaultFieldType.setStoreTermVectors(true);
    this.bytesUsed = Counter.newCounter();
    final int maxBufferedByteBlocks = (int) ((maxReusedBytes / 2) / ByteBlockPool.BYTE_BLOCK_SIZE);
    final int maxBufferedIntBlocks =
        (int)
            ((maxReusedBytes - (maxBufferedByteBlocks * (long) ByteBlockPool.BYTE_BLOCK_SIZE))
                / (SlicedIntBlockPool.INT_BLOCK_SIZE * (long) Integer.BYTES));
    assert (maxBufferedByteBlocks * ByteBlockPool.BYTE_BLOCK_SIZE)
            + (maxBufferedIntBlocks * SlicedIntBlockPool.INT_BLOCK_SIZE * Integer.BYTES)
        <= maxReusedBytes;
    byteBlockPool =
        new ByteBlockPool(new RecyclingByteBlockAllocator(maxBufferedByteBlocks, bytesUsed));
    slicedIntBlockPool =
        new SlicedIntBlockPool(
            new RecyclingIntBlockAllocator(
                SlicedIntBlockPool.INT_BLOCK_SIZE, maxBufferedIntBlocks, bytesUsed));
    postingsWriter = new SlicedIntBlockPool.SliceWriter(slicedIntBlockPool);
    // TODO refactor BytesRefArray to allow us to apply maxReusedBytes option
    payloadsBytesRefs = storePayloads ? new BytesRefArray(bytesUsed) : null;
  }

  /**
   * Convenience method; Tokenizes the given field text and adds the resulting terms to the index;
   * Equivalent to adding an indexed non-keyword Lucene {@link org.apache.lucene.document.Field}
   * that is tokenized, not stored, termVectorStored with positions (or termVectorStored with
   * positions and offsets),
   *
   * @param fieldName a name to be associated with the text
   * @param text the text to tokenize and index.
   * @param analyzer the analyzer to use for tokenization
   */
  public void addField(String fieldName, String text, Analyzer analyzer) {
    if (fieldName == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("fieldName must not be null");
    if (text == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("text must not be null");
    if (analyzer == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("analyzer must not be null");

    TokenStream stream = analyzer.tokenStream(fieldName, text);
    storeTerms(
        getInfo(fieldName, defaultFieldType),
        stream,
        analyzer.getPositionIncrementGap(fieldName),
        analyzer.getOffsetGap(fieldName));
  }

  /**
   * Builds a MemoryIndex from a lucene {@link Document} using an analyzer
   *
   * @param document the document to index
   * @param analyzer the analyzer to use
   * @return a MemoryIndex
   */
  public static MemoryIndex fromDocument(
      Iterable<? extends IndexableField> document, Analyzer analyzer) {
    return fromDocument(document, analyzer, false, false, 0);
  }

  /**
   * Builds a MemoryIndex from a lucene {@link Document} using an analyzer
   *
   * @param document the document to index
   * @param analyzer the analyzer to use
   * @param storeOffsets <code>true</code> if offsets should be stored
   * @param storePayloads <code>true</code> if payloads should be stored
   * @return a MemoryIndex
   */
  public static MemoryIndex fromDocument(
      Iterable<? extends IndexableField> document,
      Analyzer analyzer,
      boolean storeOffsets,
      boolean storePayloads) {
    return fromDocument(document, analyzer, storeOffsets, storePayloads, 0);
  }

  /**
   * Builds a MemoryIndex from a lucene {@link Document} using an analyzer
   *
   * @param document the document to index
   * @param analyzer the analyzer to use
   * @param storeOffsets <code>true</code> if offsets should be stored
   * @param storePayloads <code>true</code> if payloads should be stored
   * @param maxReusedBytes the number of bytes that should remain in the internal memory pools after
   *     {@link #reset()} is called
   * @return a MemoryIndex
   */
  public static MemoryIndex fromDocument(
      Iterable<? extends IndexableField> document,
      Analyzer analyzer,
      boolean storeOffsets,
      boolean storePayloads,
      long maxReusedBytes) {
    MemoryIndex mi = new MemoryIndex(storeOffsets, storePayloads, maxReusedBytes);
    for (IndexableField field : document) {
      mi.addField(field, analyzer);
    }
    return mi;
  }

  /**
   * Convenience method; Creates and returns a token stream that generates a token for each keyword
   * in the given collection, "as is", without any transforming text analysis. The resulting token
   * stream can be fed into {@link #addField(String, TokenStream)}, perhaps wrapped into another
   * {@link org.apache.lucene.analysis.TokenFilter}, as desired.
   *
   * @param keywords the keywords to generate tokens for
   * @return the corresponding token stream
   */
  public <T> TokenStream keywordTokenStream(final Collection<T> keywords) {
    // TODO: deprecate & move this method into AnalyzerUtil?
    if (keywords == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("keywords must not be null");

    return new TokenStream() {
      private Iterator<T> iter = keywords.iterator();
      private int start = 0;
      private final CharTermAttribute termAtt = addAttribute(CharTermAttribute.class);
      private final OffsetAttribute offsetAtt = addAttribute(OffsetAttribute.class);

      @Override
      public boolean incrementToken() {
        if (!iter.hasNext()) return false;

        T obj = iter.next();
        if (obj == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("keyword must not be null");

        String term = obj.toString();
        clearAttributes();
        termAtt.setEmpty().append(term);
        offsetAtt.setOffset(start, start + termAtt.length());
        start += term.length() + 1; // separate words by 1 (blank) character
        return true;
      }
    };
  }

  /**
   * Adds a lucene {@link IndexableField} to the MemoryIndex using the provided analyzer. Also
   * stores doc values based on {@link IndexableFieldType#docValuesType()} if set.
   *
   * @param field the field to add
   * @param analyzer the analyzer to use for term analysis
   */
  public void addField(IndexableField field, Analyzer analyzer) {

    Info info = getInfo(field.name(), field.fieldType());

    int offsetGap;
    TokenStream tokenStream;
    int positionIncrementGap;
    if (analyzer != null) {
      offsetGap = analyzer.getOffsetGap(field.name());
      tokenStream = field.tokenStream(analyzer, null);
      positionIncrementGap = analyzer.getPositionIncrementGap(field.name());
    } else {
      offsetGap = 1;
      tokenStream = field.tokenStream(null, null);
      positionIncrementGap = 0;
    }
    if (tokenStream != null) {
      storeTerms(info, tokenStream, positionIncrementGap, offsetGap);
    } else if (field.fieldType().indexOptions().subsumes(IndexOptions.DOCS)) {
      BytesRef binaryValue = field.binaryValue();
      if (binaryValue == null) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            "Indexed field must provide a TokenStream or a binary value");
      }
      storeTerm(info, binaryValue);
    }

    DocValuesType docValuesType = field.fieldType().docValuesType();
    Object docValuesValue;
    switch (docValuesType) {
      case NONE:
        docValuesValue = null;
        break;
      case BINARY:
      case SORTED:
      case SORTED_SET:
        docValuesValue = field.binaryValue();
        break;
      case NUMERIC:
      case SORTED_NUMERIC:
        docValuesValue = field.numericValue();
        break;
      default:
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("unknown doc values type [" + docValuesType + "]");
    }
    if (docValuesValue != null) {
      storeDocValues(info, docValuesType, docValuesValue);
    }

    if (field.fieldType().pointDimensionCount() > 0) {
      storePointValues(info, field.binaryValue());
    }

    if (field.fieldType().stored()) {
      storeValues(info, field);
    }

    if (field.fieldType().vectorDimension() > 0) {
      storeVectorValues(info, field);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Iterates over the given token stream and adds the resulting terms to the index; Equivalent to
   * adding a tokenized, indexed, termVectorStored, unstored, Lucene {@link
   * org.apache.lucene.document.Field}. Finally closes the token stream. Note that untokenized
   * keywords can be added with this method via {@link #keywordTokenStream(Collection)}, the Lucene
   * <code>KeywordTokenizer</code> or similar utilities.
   *
   * @param fieldName a name to be associated with the text
   * @param stream the token stream to retrieve tokens from.
   */
  public void addField(String fieldName, TokenStream stream) {
    addField(fieldName, stream, 0);
  }

  /**
   * Iterates over the given token stream and adds the resulting terms to the index; Equivalent to
   * adding a tokenized, indexed, termVectorStored, unstored, Lucene {@link
   * org.apache.lucene.document.Field}. Finally closes the token stream. Note that untokenized
   * keywords can be added with this method via {@link #keywordTokenStream(Collection)}, the Lucene
   * <code>KeywordTokenizer</code> or similar utilities.
   *
   * @param fieldName a name to be associated with the text
   * @param stream the token stream to retrieve tokens from.
   * @param positionIncrementGap the position increment gap if fields with the same name are added
   *     more than once
   */
  public void addField(String fieldName, TokenStream stream, int positionIncrementGap) {
    addField(fieldName, stream, positionIncrementGap, 1);
  }

  /**
   * Iterates over the given token stream and adds the resulting terms to the index; Equivalent to
   * adding a tokenized, indexed, termVectorStored, unstored, Lucene {@link
   * org.apache.lucene.document.Field}. Finally closes the token stream. Note that untokenized
   * keywords can be added with this method via {@link #keywordTokenStream(Collection)}, the Lucene
   * <code>KeywordTokenizer</code> or similar utilities.
   *
   * @param fieldName a name to be associated with the text
   * @param tokenStream the token stream to retrieve tokens from. It's guaranteed to be closed no
   *     matter what.
   * @param positionIncrementGap the position increment gap if fields with the same name are added
   *     more than once
   * @param offsetGap the offset gap if fields with the same name are added more than once
   */
  public void addField(
      String fieldName, TokenStream tokenStream, int positionIncrementGap, int offsetGap) {
    Info info = getInfo(fieldName, defaultFieldType);
    storeTerms(info, tokenStream, positionIncrementGap, offsetGap);
  }

  private Info getInfo(String fieldName, IndexableFieldType fieldType) {
    if (frozen) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot call addField() when MemoryIndex is frozen");
    }
    if (fieldName == null) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("fieldName must not be null");
    }
    Info info = fields.get(fieldName);
    if (info == null) {
      fields.put(
          fieldName,
          info = new Info(createFieldInfo(fieldName, fields.size(), fieldType), byteBlockPool));
    }
    if (fieldType.pointDimensionCount() != info.fieldInfo.getPointDimensionCount()) {
      if (fieldType.pointDimensionCount() > 0)
        info.fieldInfo.setPointDimensions(
            fieldType.pointDimensionCount(),
            fieldType.pointIndexDimensionCount(),
            fieldType.pointNumBytes());
    }
    if (fieldType.docValuesType() != info.fieldInfo.getDocValuesType()) {
      if (fieldType.docValuesType() != DocValuesType.NONE)
        info.fieldInfo.setDocValuesType(fieldType.docValuesType());
    }
    return info;
  }

  private FieldInfo createFieldInfo(String fieldName, int ord, IndexableFieldType fieldType) {
    IndexOptions indexOptions =
        storeOffsets
            ? IndexOptions.DOCS_AND_FREQS_AND_POSITIONS_AND_OFFSETS
            : IndexOptions.DOCS_AND_FREQS_AND_POSITIONS;
    return new FieldInfo(
        fieldName,
        ord,
        fieldType.storeTermVectors(),
        fieldType.omitNorms(),
        storePayloads,
        indexOptions,
        fieldType.docValuesType(),
        fieldType.docValuesSkipIndexType(),
        -1,
        Collections.emptyMap(),
        fieldType.pointDimensionCount(),
        fieldType.pointIndexDimensionCount(),
        fieldType.pointNumBytes(),
        fieldType.vectorDimension(),
        fieldType.vectorEncoding(),
        fieldType.vectorSimilarityFunction(),
        false,
        false);
  }

  private void storePointValues(Info info, BytesRef pointValue) {
    if (info.pointValues == null) {
      info.pointValues = new BytesRef[4];
    }
    info.pointValues = ArrayUtil.grow(info.pointValues, info.pointValuesCount + 1);
    info.pointValues[info.pointValuesCount++] = BytesRef.deepCopyOf(pointValue);
  }

  private void storeVectorValues(Info info, IndexableField vectorField) {
    assert vectorField instanceof KnnFloatVectorField || vectorField instanceof KnnByteVectorField;
    switch (info.fieldInfo.getVectorEncoding()) {
      case BYTE -> {
        if (vectorField instanceof KnnByteVectorField byteVectorField) {
          if (info.byteVectorCount == 1) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                "Only one value per field allowed for byte vector field ["
                    + vectorField.name()
                    + "]");
          }
          info.byteVectorCount++;
          if (info.byteVectorValues == null) {
            info.byteVectorValues = new byte[1][];
          }
          info.byteVectorValues[0] =
              ArrayUtil.copyOfSubArray(
                  byteVectorField.vectorValue(), 0, info.fieldInfo.getVectorDimension());
          return;
        }
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            "Field ["
                + vectorField.name()
                + "] is not a byte vector field, but the field info is configured for byte vectors");
      }
      case FLOAT32 -> {
        if (vectorField instanceof KnnFloatVectorField floatVectorField) {
          if (info.floatVectorCount == 1) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                "Only one value per field allowed for float vector field ["
                    + vectorField.name()
                    + "]");
          }
          info.floatVectorCount++;
          if (info.floatVectorValues == null) {
            info.floatVectorValues = new float[1][];
          }
          info.floatVectorValues[0] =
              ArrayUtil.copyOfSubArray(
                  floatVectorField.vectorValue(), 0, info.fieldInfo.getVectorDimension());
          return;
        }
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            "Field ["
                + vectorField.name()
                + "] is not a float vector field, but the field info is configured for float vectors");
      }
    }
  }

  private void storeValues(Info info, IndexableField field) {
    if (info.storedValues == null) {
      info.storedValues = new ArrayList<>();
    }
    BytesRef binaryValue = field.binaryValue();
    if (binaryValue != null) {
      info.storedValues.add(binaryValue);
      return;
    }
    Number numberValue = field.numericValue();
    if (numberValue != null) {
      info.storedValues.add(numberValue);
      return;
    }
    String stringValue = field.stringValue();
    if (stringValue != null) {
      info.storedValues.add(stringValue);
    }
  }

  private void storeDocValues(Info info, DocValuesType docValuesType, Object docValuesValue) {
    String fieldName = info.fieldInfo.name;
    DocValuesType existingDocValuesType = info.fieldInfo.getDocValuesType();
    if (existingDocValuesType == DocValuesType.NONE) {
      // first time we add doc values for this field:
      info.fieldInfo =
          new FieldInfo(
              info.fieldInfo.name,
              info.fieldInfo.number,
              info.fieldInfo.hasTermVectors(),
              info.fieldInfo.hasPayloads(),
              info.fieldInfo.hasPayloads(),
              info.fieldInfo.getIndexOptions(),
              docValuesType,
              DocValuesSkipIndexType.NONE,
              -1,
              info.fieldInfo.attributes(),
              info.fieldInfo.getPointDimensionCount(),
              info.fieldInfo.getPointIndexDimensionCount(),
              info.fieldInfo.getPointNumBytes(),
              info.fieldInfo.getVectorDimension(),
              info.fieldInfo.getVectorEncoding(),
              info.fieldInfo.getVectorSimilarityFunction(),
              info.fieldInfo.isSoftDeletesField(),
              info.fieldInfo.isParentField());
    } else if (existingDocValuesType != docValuesType) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
          "Can't add ["
              + docValuesType
              + "] doc values field ["
              + fieldName
              + "], because ["
              + existingDocValuesType
              + "] doc values field already exists");
    }
    switch (docValuesType) {
      case NUMERIC:
        if (info.numericProducer.dvLongValues != null) {
          throw new IllegalArgumentException(
              "Only one value per field allowed for ["
                  + docValuesType
                  + "] doc values field ["
                  + fieldName
                  + "]");
        }
        info.numericProducer.dvLongValues = new long[] {((Number) docValuesValue).longValue()};
        info.numericProducer.count++;
        break;
      case SORTED_NUMERIC:
        if (info.numericProducer.dvLongValues == null) {
          info.numericProducer.dvLongValues = new long[4];
        }
        info.numericProducer.dvLongValues =
            ArrayUtil.grow(info.numericProducer.dvLongValues, info.numericProducer.count + 1);
        info.numericProducer.dvLongValues[info.numericProducer.count++] =
            ((Number) docValuesValue).longValue();
        break;
      case BINARY:
      case SORTED:
        if (info.binaryProducer.dvBytesValuesSet != null) {
          throw new IllegalArgumentException(
              "Only one value per field allowed for ["
                  + docValuesType
                  + "] doc values field ["
                  + fieldName
                  + "]");
        }
        info.binaryProducer.dvBytesValuesSet = ((BytesRef) docValuesValue).clone();
        break;
      case SORTED_SET:
        if (info.bytesRefHashProducer.dvBytesRefHashValuesSet == null) {
          info.bytesRefHashProducer.dvBytesRefHashValuesSet = new BytesRefHash(byteBlockPool);
        }
        info.bytesRefHashProducer.dvBytesRefHashValuesSet.add((BytesRef) docValuesValue);
        break;
      case NONE:
      default:
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("unknown doc values type [" + docValuesType + "]");
    }
  }

  private void storeTerm(Info info, BytesRef term) {
    info.numTokens++;
    int ord = info.terms.add(term);
    if (ord < 0) {
      ord = -ord - 1;
      postingsWriter.reset(info.sliceArray.end[ord]);
    } else {
      info.sliceArray.start[ord] = postingsWriter.startNewSlice();
    }
    info.sliceArray.freq[ord]++;
    info.maxTermFrequency = Math.max(info.maxTermFrequency, info.sliceArray.freq[ord]);
    info.sumTotalTermFreq++;
    postingsWriter.writeInt(info.lastPosition++); // fake position
    if (storeOffsets) { // fake offsests
      postingsWriter.writeInt(0);
      postingsWriter.writeInt(0);
    }
    if (storePayloads) {
      postingsWriter.writeInt(-1); // fake payload
    }
    info.sliceArray.end[ord] = postingsWriter.getCurrentOffset();
  }

  private void storeTerms(
      Info info, TokenStream tokenStream, int positionIncrementGap, int offsetGap) {

    int pos = -1;
    int offset = 0;
    if (info.numTokens > 0) {
      pos = info.lastPosition + positionIncrementGap;
      offset = info.lastOffset + offsetGap;
    }

    try (TokenStream stream = tokenStream) {
      TermToBytesRefAttribute termAtt = stream.getAttribute(TermToBytesRefAttribute.class);
      PositionIncrementAttribute posIncrAttribute =
          stream.addAttribute(PositionIncrementAttribute.class);
      OffsetAttribute offsetAtt = stream.addAttribute(OffsetAttribute.class);
      PayloadAttribute payloadAtt =
          storePayloads ? stream.addAttribute(PayloadAttribute.class) : null;
      stream.reset();

      while (stream.incrementToken()) {
        //        if (DEBUG) System.err.println("token='" + term + "'");
        info.numTokens++;
        final int posIncr = posIncrAttribute.getPositionIncrement();
        if (posIncr == 0) {
          info.numOverlapTokens++;
        }
        pos += posIncr;
        int ord = info.terms.add(termAtt.getBytesRef());
        if (ord < 0) {
          ord = (-ord) - 1;
          postingsWriter.reset(info.sliceArray.end[ord]);
        } else {
          info.sliceArray.start[ord] = postingsWriter.startNewSlice();
        }
        info.sliceArray.freq[ord]++;
        info.maxTermFrequency = Math.max(info.maxTermFrequency, info.sliceArray.freq[ord]);
        info.sumTotalTermFreq++;
        postingsWriter.writeInt(pos);
        if (storeOffsets) {
          postingsWriter.writeInt(offsetAtt.startOffset() + offset);
          postingsWriter.writeInt(offsetAtt.endOffset() + offset);
        }
        if (storePayloads) {
          final BytesRef payload = payloadAtt.getPayload();
          final int pIndex;
          if (payload == null || payload.length == 0) {
            pIndex = -1;
          } else {
            pIndex = payloadsBytesRefs.append(payload);
          }
          postingsWriter.writeInt(pIndex);
        }
        info.sliceArray.end[ord] = postingsWriter.getCurrentOffset();
      }
      stream.end();
      if (info.numTokens > 0) {
        info.lastPosition = pos;
        info.lastOffset = offsetAtt.endOffset() + offset;
      }
    } catch (IOException e) {
      throw new RuntimeException(e);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Set the Similarity to be used for calculating field norms
   *
   * @param similarity instance with custom {@link Similarity#computeNorm} implementation
   */
  public void setSimilarity(Similarity similarity) {
    if (frozen)
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot set Similarity when MemoryIndex is frozen");
    if (this.normSimilarity == similarity) {
      return;
    }
    this.normSimilarity = similarity;
    // invalidate any cached norms that may exist
    for (Info info : fields.values()) {
      info.norm = null;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Creates and returns a searcher that can be used to execute arbitrary Lucene queries and to
   * collect the resulting query results as hits.
   *
   * @return a searcher
   */
  public IndexSearcher createSearcher() {
    MemoryIndexReader reader = new MemoryIndexReader();
    IndexSearcher searcher = new IndexSearcher(reader); // ensures no auto-close !!
    searcher.setSimilarity(normSimilarity);
    searcher.setQueryCache(null);
    return searcher;
  }

  /**
   * Prepares the MemoryIndex for querying in a non-lazy way.
   *
   * <p>After calling this you can query the MemoryIndex from multiple threads, but you cannot
   * subsequently add new data.
   */
  public void freeze() {
    this.frozen = true;
    for (Info info : fields.values()) {
      info.freeze();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Convenience method that efficiently returns the relevance score by matching this index against
   * the given Lucene query expression.
   *
   * @param query an arbitrary Lucene query to run against this index
   * @return the relevance score of the matchmaking; A number in the range [0.0 .. 1.0], with 0.0
   *     indicating no match. The higher the number the better the match.
   */
  public float search(Query query) {
    if (query == null) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("query must not be null");
    }

    IndexSearcher searcher = createSearcher();
    try {
      return searcher.search(
          query,
          new CollectorManager<>() {
            final float[] scores = new float[1]; // inits to 0.0f (no match)

            @Override
            public Collector newCollector() {
              return new SimpleCollector() {
                private Scorable scorer;

                @Override
                public void collect(int doc) throws IOException {
                  scores[0] = scorer.score();
                }

                @Override
                public void setScorer(Scorable scorer) {
                  this.scorer = scorer;
                }

                @Override
                public ScoreMode scoreMode() {
                  return ScoreMode.COMPLETE;
                }
              };
            }

            @Override
            public Float reduce(Collection<Collector> collectors) {
              return scores[0];
            }
          });
    } catch (IOException e) {
      throw new RuntimeException(e);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns a String representation of the index data for debugging purposes.
   *
   * @return the string representation
   * @lucene.experimental
   */
  public String toStringDebug() {
    StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(256);
    int sumPositions = 0;
    int sumTerms = 0;
    final BytesRef spare = new BytesRef();
    final BytesRefBuilder payloadBuilder = storePayloads ? new BytesRefBuilder() : null;
    for (Map.Entry<String, Info> entry : fields.entrySet()) {
      String fieldName = entry.getKey();
      Info info = entry.getValue();
      info.sortTerms();
      result.append(fieldName).append(":\n");
      SliceByteStartArray sliceArray = info.sliceArray;
      int numPositions = 0;
      SlicedIntBlockPool.SliceReader postingsReader =
          new SlicedIntBlockPool.SliceReader(slicedIntBlockPool);
      for (int j = 0; j < info.terms.size(); j++) {
        int ord = info.sortedTerms[j];
        info.terms.get(ord, spare);
        int freq = sliceArray.freq[ord];
        result.append("\t'").append(spare).append("':").append(freq).append(':');
        postingsReader.reset(sliceArray.start[ord], sliceArray.end[ord]);
        result.append(" [");
        final int iters = storeOffsets ? 3 : 1;
        while (!postingsReader.endOfSlice()) {
          result.append("(");

          for (int k = 0; k < iters; k++) {
            result.append(postingsReader.readInt());
            if (k < iters - 1) {
              result.append(", ");
            }
          }
          if (storePayloads) {
            int payloadIndex = postingsReader.readInt();
            if (payloadIndex != -1) {
              result.append(", ").append(payloadsBytesRefs.get(payloadBuilder, payloadIndex));
            }
          }
          result.append(")");

          if (!postingsReader.endOfSlice()) {
            result.append(", ");
          }
        }
        result.append("]");
        result.append("\n");
        numPositions += freq;
      }

      result.append("\tterms=").append(info.terms.size());
      result.append(", positions=").append(numPositions);
      result.append("\n");
      sumPositions += numPositions;
      sumTerms += info.terms.size();
    }

    result.append("\nfields=").append(fields.size());
    result.append(", terms=").append(sumTerms);
    result.append(", positions=").append(sumPositions);
    return result.toString();
  }

  /** Index data structure for a field; contains the tokenized term texts and their positions. */
  private final class Info {

    private FieldInfo fieldInfo;

    private Long norm;

    /**
     * Term strings and their positions for this field: Map &lt;String termText, ArrayIntList
     * positions&gt;
     */
    private BytesRefHash terms; // note unfortunate variable name class with Terms type

    private SliceByteStartArray sliceArray;

    /** Terms sorted ascending by term text; computed on demand */
    private transient int[] sortedTerms;

    /** Number of added tokens for this field */
    private int numTokens;

    /** Number of overlapping tokens for this field */
    private int numOverlapTokens;

    private long sumTotalTermFreq;

    private int maxTermFrequency;

    /** the last position encountered in this field for multi field support */
    private int lastPosition;

    /** the last offset encountered in this field for multi field support */
    private int lastOffset;

    private BytesRefHashDocValuesProducer bytesRefHashProducer;

    private BinaryDocValuesProducer binaryProducer;

    private NumericDocValuesProducer numericProducer;

    private boolean preparedDocValuesAndPointValues;

    private List<Object> storedValues;

    private BytesRef[] pointValues;

    /** Number of float vectors added for this field */
    private int floatVectorCount;

    /** the float vectors added for this field */
    private float[][] floatVectorValues;

    /** Number of byte vectors added for this field */
    private int byteVectorCount;

    /** the byte vectors added for this field */
    private byte[][] byteVectorValues;

    private byte[] minPackedValue;

    private byte[] maxPackedValue;

    private int pointValuesCount;

    private Info(FieldInfo fieldInfo, ByteBlockPool byteBlockPool) {
      this.fieldInfo = fieldInfo;
      this.sliceArray = new SliceByteStartArray(BytesRefHash.DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
      this.terms = new BytesRefHash(byteBlockPool, BytesRefHash.DEFAULT_CAPACITY, sliceArray);

      this.bytesRefHashProducer = new BytesRefHashDocValuesProducer();
      this.binaryProducer = new BinaryDocValuesProducer();
      this.numericProducer = new NumericDocValuesProducer();
    }

    void freeze() {
      sortTerms();
      prepareDocValuesAndPointValues();
      getNormDocValues();
    }

    /**
     * Sorts hashed terms into ascending order, reusing memory along the way. Note that sorting is
     * lazily delayed until required (often it's not required at all). If a sorted view is required
     * then hashing + sort + binary search is still faster and smaller than TreeMap usage (which
     * would be an alternative and somewhat more elegant approach, apart from more sophisticated
     * Tries / prefix trees).
     */
    void sortTerms() {
      if (sortedTerms == null) {
        sortedTerms = terms.sort();
      }
    }

    void prepareDocValuesAndPointValues() {
      if (preparedDocValuesAndPointValues == false) {
        DocValuesType dvType = fieldInfo.getDocValuesType();
        if (dvType == DocValuesType.NUMERIC || dvType == DocValuesType.SORTED_NUMERIC) {
          numericProducer.prepareForUsage();
        }
        if (dvType == DocValuesType.SORTED_SET) {
          bytesRefHashProducer.prepareForUsage();
        }
        if (pointValues != null) {
          assert pointValues[0].bytes.length == pointValues[0].length
              : "BytesRef should wrap a precise byte[], BytesRef.deepCopyOf() should take care of this";

          final int numDimensions = fieldInfo.getPointDimensionCount();
          final int numBytesPerDimension = fieldInfo.getPointNumBytes();
          if (numDimensions == 1) {
            // PointInSetQuery.MergePointVisitor expects values to be visited in increasing order,
            // this is a 1d optimization which has to be done here too. Otherwise we emit values
            // out of order which causes mismatches.
            Arrays.sort(pointValues, 0, pointValuesCount);
            minPackedValue = pointValues[0].bytes.clone();
            maxPackedValue = pointValues[pointValuesCount - 1].bytes.clone();
          } else {
            minPackedValue = pointValues[0].bytes.clone();
            maxPackedValue = pointValues[0].bytes.clone();
            for (int i = 0; i < pointValuesCount; i++) {
              BytesRef pointValue = pointValues[i];
              assert pointValue.bytes.length == pointValue.length
                  : "BytesRef should wrap a precise byte[], BytesRef.deepCopyOf() should take care of this";
              for (int dim = 0; dim < numDimensions; ++dim) {
                int offset = dim * numBytesPerDimension;
                if (Arrays.compareUnsigned(
                        pointValue.bytes,
                        offset,
                        offset + numBytesPerDimension,
                        minPackedValue,
                        offset,
                        offset + numBytesPerDimension)
                    < 0) {
                  System.arraycopy(
                      pointValue.bytes, offset, minPackedValue, offset, numBytesPerDimension);
                }
                if (Arrays.compareUnsigned(
                        pointValue.bytes,
                        offset,
                        offset + numBytesPerDimension,
                        maxPackedValue,
                        offset,
                        offset + numBytesPerDimension)
                    > 0) {
                  System.arraycopy(
                      pointValue.bytes, offset, maxPackedValue, offset, numBytesPerDimension);
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
        preparedDocValuesAndPointValues = true;
      }
    }

    NumericDocValues getNormDocValues() {
      if (norm == null) {
        FieldInvertState invertState =
            new FieldInvertState(
                Version.LATEST.major,
                fieldInfo.name,
                fieldInfo.getIndexOptions(),
                lastPosition,
                numTokens,
                numOverlapTokens,
                0,
                maxTermFrequency,
                terms.size());
        final long value = normSimilarity.computeNorm(invertState);
        if (DEBUG)
          System.err.println(
              "MemoryIndexReader.norms: " + fieldInfo.name + ":" + value + ":" + numTokens);

        norm = value;
      }
      return numericDocValues(norm);
    }
  }

  ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Nested classes:
  ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  private static class MemoryDocValuesIterator {

    int doc = -1;

    int advance(int doc) {
      this.doc = doc;
      return docId();
    }

    int nextDoc() {
      doc++;
      return docId();
    }

    int docId() {
      return doc > 0 ? NumericDocValues.NO_MORE_DOCS : doc;
    }
  }

  private static SortedNumericDocValues numericDocValues(long[] values, int count) {
    MemoryDocValuesIterator it = new MemoryDocValuesIterator();
    return new SortedNumericDocValues() {

      int ord = 0;

      @Override
      public long nextValue() throws IOException {
        return values[ord++];
      }

      @Override
      public int docValueCount() {
        return count;
      }

      @Override
      public boolean advanceExact(int target) throws IOException {
        ord = 0;
        return it.advance(target) == target;
      }

      @Override
      public int docID() {
        return it.docId();
      }

      @Override
      public int nextDoc() throws IOException {
        return it.nextDoc();
      }

      @Override
      public int advance(int target) throws IOException {
        return it.advance(target);
      }

      @Override
      public long cost() {
        return 1;
      }
    };
  }

  private static NumericDocValues numericDocValues(long value) {
    MemoryDocValuesIterator it = new MemoryDocValuesIterator();
    return new NumericDocValues() {
      @Override
      public long longValue() throws IOException {
        return value;
      }

      @Override
      public boolean advanceExact(int target) throws IOException {
        return advance(target) == target;
      }

      @Override
      public int docID() {
        return it.docId();
      }

      @Override
      public int nextDoc() throws IOException {
        return it.nextDoc();
      }

      @Override
      public int advance(int target) throws IOException {
        return it.advance(target);
      }

      @Override
      public long cost() {
        return 1;
      }
    };
  }

  private static SortedDocValues sortedDocValues(BytesRef value) {
    MemoryDocValuesIterator it = new MemoryDocValuesIterator();
    return new SortedDocValues() {
      @Override
      public int ordValue() {
        return 0;
      }

      @Override
      public BytesRef lookupOrd(int ord) throws IOException {
        return value;
      }

      @Override
      public int getValueCount() {
        return 1;
      }

      @Override
      public boolean advanceExact(int target) throws IOException {
        return it.advance(target) == target;
      }

      @Override
      public int docID() {
        return it.docId();
      }

      @Override
      public int nextDoc() throws IOException {
        return it.nextDoc();
      }

      @Override
      public int advance(int target) throws IOException {
        return it.advance(target);
      }

      @Override
      public long cost() {
        return 1;
      }
    };
  }

  private static SortedSetDocValues sortedSetDocValues(BytesRefHash values, int[] bytesIds) {
    MemoryDocValuesIterator it = new MemoryDocValuesIterator();
    BytesRef scratch = new BytesRef();
    return new SortedSetDocValues() {
      int ord = 0;

      @Override
      public long nextOrd() throws IOException {
        return ord++;
      }

      @Override
      public int docValueCount() {
        return values.size();
      }

      @Override
      public BytesRef lookupOrd(long ord) throws IOException {
        return values.get(bytesIds[(int) ord], scratch);
      }

      @Override
      public long getValueCount() {
        return values.size();
      }

      @Override
      public boolean advanceExact(int target) throws IOException {
        ord = 0;
        return it.advance(target) == target;
      }

      @Override
      public int docID() {
        return it.docId();
      }

      @Override
      public int nextDoc() throws IOException {
        return it.nextDoc();
      }

      @Override
      public int advance(int target) throws IOException {
        return it.advance(target);
      }

      @Override
      public long cost() {
        return 1;
      }
    };
  }

  private static final class BinaryDocValuesProducer {
    BytesRef dvBytesValuesSet;
  }

  private static final class BytesRefHashDocValuesProducer {

    BytesRefHash dvBytesRefHashValuesSet;
    int[] bytesIds;

    private void prepareForUsage() {
      bytesIds = dvBytesRefHashValuesSet.sort();
    }
  }

  private static final class NumericDocValuesProducer {

    long[] dvLongValues;
    int count;

    private void prepareForUsage() {
      Arrays.sort(dvLongValues, 0, count);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Search support for Lucene framework integration; implements all methods required by the Lucene
   * IndexReader contracts.
   */
  private final class MemoryIndexReader extends LeafReader {

    private final MemoryFields memoryFields = new MemoryFields(fields);
    private final FieldInfos fieldInfos;

    private MemoryIndexReader() {
      super(); // avoid as much superclass baggage as possible

      FieldInfo[] fieldInfosArr = new FieldInfo[fields.size()];

      int i = 0;
      for (Info info : fields.values()) {
        info.prepareDocValuesAndPointValues();
        fieldInfosArr[i++] = info.fieldInfo;
      }

      fieldInfos = new FieldInfos(fieldInfosArr);
    }

    private Info getInfoForExpectedDocValuesType(String fieldName, DocValuesType expectedType) {
      if (expectedType == DocValuesType.NONE) {
        return null;
      }
      Info info = fields.get(fieldName);
      if (info == null) {
        return null;
      }
      if (info.fieldInfo.getDocValuesType() != expectedType) {
        return null;
      }
      return info;
    }

    @Override
    public Bits getLiveDocs() {
      return null;
    }

    @Override
    public FieldInfos getFieldInfos() {
      return fieldInfos;
    }

    @Override
    public NumericDocValues getNumericDocValues(String field) throws IOException {
      Info info = getInfoForExpectedDocValuesType(field, DocValuesType.NUMERIC);
      if (info == null) {
        return null;
      }
      return numericDocValues(info.numericProducer.dvLongValues[0]);
    }

    @Override
    public BinaryDocValues getBinaryDocValues(String field) {
      final SortedDocValues in = getSortedDocValues(field, DocValuesType.BINARY);
      if (in == null) {
        return null;
      }
      // wraps a SortedDocValues and makes it look like its binary
      return new BinaryDocValues() {
        @Override
        public BytesRef binaryValue() throws IOException {
          return in.lookupOrd(in.ordValue());
        }

        @Override
        public boolean advanceExact(int target) throws IOException {
          return in.advanceExact(target);
        }

        @Override
        public int docID() {
          return in.docID();
        }

        @Override
        public int nextDoc() throws IOException {
          return in.nextDoc();
        }

        @Override
        public int advance(int target) throws IOException {
          return in.advance(target);
        }

        @Override
        public long cost() {
          return in.cost();
        }
      };
    }

    @Override
    public SortedDocValues getSortedDocValues(String field) {
      return getSortedDocValues(field, DocValuesType.SORTED);
    }

    private SortedDocValues getSortedDocValues(String field, DocValuesType docValuesType) {
      Info info = getInfoForExpectedDocValuesType(field, docValuesType);
      if (info != null) {
        return sortedDocValues(info.binaryProducer.dvBytesValuesSet);
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    @Override
    public SortedNumericDocValues getSortedNumericDocValues(String field) {
      Info info = getInfoForExpectedDocValuesType(field, DocValuesType.SORTED_NUMERIC);
      if (info != null) {
        return numericDocValues(info.numericProducer.dvLongValues, info.numericProducer.count);
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    @Override
    public SortedSetDocValues getSortedSetDocValues(String field) {
      Info info = getInfoForExpectedDocValuesType(field, DocValuesType.SORTED_SET);
      if (info != null) {
        return sortedSetDocValues(
            info.bytesRefHashProducer.dvBytesRefHashValuesSet, info.bytesRefHashProducer.bytesIds);
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    @Override
    public DocValuesSkipper getDocValuesSkipper(String field) throws IOException {
      // Skipping isn't needed on a 1-doc index.
      return null;
    }

    @Override
    public PointValues getPointValues(String fieldName) {
      Info info = fields.get(fieldName);
      if (info == null || info.pointValues == null) {
        return null;
      }
      return new MemoryIndexPointValues(info);
    }

    @Override
    public FloatVectorValues getFloatVectorValues(String fieldName) {
      Info info = fields.get(fieldName);
      if (info == null || info.floatVectorValues == null) {
        return null;
      }
      return new MemoryFloatVectorValues(info);
    }

    @Override
    public ByteVectorValues getByteVectorValues(String fieldName) {
      Info info = fields.get(fieldName);
      if (info == null || info.byteVectorValues == null) {
        return null;
      }
      return new MemoryByteVectorValues(info);
    }

    @Override
    public void searchNearestVectors(
        String field, float[] target, KnnCollector knnCollector, AcceptDocs acceptDocs) {}

    @Override
    public void searchNearestVectors(
        String field, byte[] target, KnnCollector knnCollector, AcceptDocs acceptDocs) {}

    @Override
    public void checkIntegrity() throws IOException {
      // no-op
    }

    @Override
    public Terms terms(String field) throws IOException {
      return memoryFields.terms(field);
    }

    private class MemoryFields extends Fields {

      private final Map<String, Info> fields;

      public MemoryFields(Map<String, Info> fields) {
        this.fields = fields;
      }

      @Override
      public Iterator<String> iterator() {
        return fields.entrySet().stream()
            .filter(e -> e.getValue().numTokens > 0)
            .map(Map.Entry::getKey)
            .iterator();
      }

      @Override
      public Terms terms(final String field) {
        final Info info = fields.get(field);
        if (info == null || info.numTokens <= 0) {
          return null;
        }

        return new Terms() {
          @Override
          public TermsEnum iterator() {
            return new MemoryTermsEnum(info);
          }

          @Override
          public long size() {
            return info.terms.size();
          }

          @Override
          public long getSumTotalTermFreq() {
            return info.sumTotalTermFreq;
          }

          @Override
          public long getSumDocFreq() {
            // each term has df=1
            return info.terms.size();
          }

          @Override
          public int getDocCount() {
            return size() > 0 ? 1 : 0;
          }

          @Override
          public boolean hasFreqs() {
            return true;
          }

          @Override
          public boolean hasOffsets() {
            return storeOffsets;
          }

          @Override
          public boolean hasPositions() {
            return true;
          }

          @Override
          public boolean hasPayloads() {
            return storePayloads;
          }
        };
      }

      @Override
      public int size() {
        return Math.toIntExact(
            fields.entrySet().stream().filter(e -> e.getValue().numTokens > 0).count());
      }
    }

    private class MemoryTermsEnum extends BaseTermsEnum {
      private final Info info;
      private final BytesRef br = new BytesRef();
      int termUpto = -1;

      public MemoryTermsEnum(Info info) {
        this.info = info;
        info.sortTerms();
      }

      private final int binarySearch(
          BytesRef b, BytesRef bytesRef, int low, int high, BytesRefHash hash, int[] ords) {
        int mid = 0;
        while (low <= high) {
          mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
          hash.get(ords[mid], bytesRef);
          final int cmp = bytesRef.compareTo(b);
          if (cmp < 0) {
            low = mid + 1;
          } else if (cmp > 0) {
            high = mid - 1;
          } else {
            return mid;
          }
        }
        assert bytesRef.compareTo(b) != 0;
        return -(low + 1);
      }

      @Override
      public boolean seekExact(BytesRef text) {
        termUpto = binarySearch(text, br, 0, info.terms.size() - 1, info.terms, info.sortedTerms);
        return termUpto >= 0;
      }

      @Override
      public SeekStatus seekCeil(BytesRef text) {
        termUpto = binarySearch(text, br, 0, info.terms.size() - 1, info.terms, info.sortedTerms);
        if (termUpto < 0) { // not found; choose successor
          termUpto = -termUpto - 1;
          if (termUpto >= info.terms.size()) {
            return SeekStatus.END;
          } else {
            info.terms.get(info.sortedTerms[termUpto], br);
            return SeekStatus.NOT_FOUND;
          }
        } else {
          return SeekStatus.FOUND;
        }
      }

      @Override
      public void seekExact(long ord) {
        assert ord < info.terms.size();
        termUpto = (int) ord;
        info.terms.get(info.sortedTerms[termUpto], br);
      }

      @Override
      public BytesRef next() {
        termUpto++;
        if (termUpto >= info.terms.size()) {
          return null;
        } else {
          info.terms.get(info.sortedTerms[termUpto], br);
          return br;
        }
      }

      @Override
      public BytesRef term() {
        return br;
      }

      @Override
      public long ord() {
        return termUpto;
      }

      @Override
      public int docFreq() {
        return 1;
      }

      @Override
      public long totalTermFreq() {
        return info.sliceArray.freq[info.sortedTerms[termUpto]];
      }

      @Override
      public PostingsEnum postings(PostingsEnum reuse, int flags) {
        if (reuse == null || !(reuse instanceof MemoryPostingsEnum)) {
          reuse = new MemoryPostingsEnum();
        }
        final int ord = info.sortedTerms[termUpto];
        return ((MemoryPostingsEnum) reuse)
            .reset(info.sliceArray.start[ord], info.sliceArray.end[ord], info.sliceArray.freq[ord]);
      }

      @Override
      public ImpactsEnum impacts(int flags) throws IOException {
        return new SlowImpactsEnum(postings(null, flags));
      }

      @Override
      public void seekExact(BytesRef term, TermState state) throws IOException {
        assert state != null;
        this.seekExact(((OrdTermState) state).ord);
      }

      @Override
      public TermState termState() throws IOException {
        OrdTermState ts = new OrdTermState();
        ts.ord = termUpto;
        return ts;
      }
    }

    private class MemoryPostingsEnum extends PostingsEnum {

      private final SlicedIntBlockPool.SliceReader sliceReader;
      private int posUpto; // for assert
      private boolean hasNext;
      private int doc = -1;
      private int freq;
      private int startOffset;
      private int endOffset;
      private int payloadIndex;
      private final BytesRefBuilder payloadBuilder; // only non-null when storePayloads

      public MemoryPostingsEnum() {
        this.sliceReader = new SlicedIntBlockPool.SliceReader(slicedIntBlockPool);
        this.payloadBuilder = storePayloads ? new BytesRefBuilder() : null;
      }

      public PostingsEnum reset(int start, int end, int freq) {
        this.sliceReader.reset(start, end);
        posUpto = 0; // for assert
        hasNext = true;
        doc = -1;
        this.freq = freq;
        return this;
      }

      @Override
      public int docID() {
        return doc;
      }

      @Override
      public int nextDoc() {
        if (hasNext) {
          hasNext = false;
          return doc = 0;
        } else {
          return doc = NO_MORE_DOCS;
        }
      }

      @Override
      public int advance(int target) throws IOException {
        return slowAdvance(target);
      }

      @Override
      public int freq() throws IOException {
        return freq;
      }

      @Override
      public int nextPosition() {
        posUpto++;
        assert posUpto <= freq;
        assert !sliceReader.endOfSlice() : " stores offsets : " + startOffset;
        int pos = sliceReader.readInt();
        if (storeOffsets) {
          // pos = sliceReader.readInt();
          startOffset = sliceReader.readInt();
          endOffset = sliceReader.readInt();
        }
        if (storePayloads) {
          payloadIndex = sliceReader.readInt();
        }
        return pos;
      }

      @Override
      public int startOffset() {
        return startOffset;
      }

      @Override
      public int endOffset() {
        return endOffset;
      }

      @Override
      public BytesRef getPayload() {
        if (payloadBuilder == null || payloadIndex == -1) {
          return null;
        }
        return payloadsBytesRefs.get(payloadBuilder, payloadIndex);
      }

      @Override
      public long cost() {
        return 1;
      }
    }

    private class MemoryIndexPointValues extends PointValues {

      final Info info;

      MemoryIndexPointValues(Info info) {
        this.info = Objects.requireNonNull(info);
        Objects.requireNonNull(info.pointValues, "Field does not have points");
      }

      @Override
      public PointTree getPointTree() {
        return new PointTree() {
          @Override
          public PointTree clone() {
            return this;
          }

          @Override
          public boolean moveToChild() {
            return false;
          }

          @Override
          public boolean moveToSibling() {
            return false;
          }

          @Override
          public boolean moveToParent() {
            return false;
          }

          @Override
          public byte[] getMinPackedValue() {
            return info.minPackedValue;
          }

          @Override
          public byte[] getMaxPackedValue() {
            return info.maxPackedValue;
          }

          @Override
          public long size() {
            return info.pointValuesCount;
          }

          @Override
          public void visitDocIDs(IntersectVisitor visitor) throws IOException {
            visitor.grow(info.pointValuesCount);
            for (int i = 0; i < info.pointValuesCount; i++) {
              visitor.visit(0);
            }
          }

          @Override
          public void visitDocValues(IntersectVisitor visitor) throws IOException {
            BytesRef[] values = info.pointValues;

            visitor.grow(info.pointValuesCount);
            for (int i = 0; i < info.pointValuesCount; i++) {
              visitor.visit(0, values[i].bytes);
            }
          }
        };
      }

      @Override
      public byte[] getMinPackedValue() throws IOException {
        return info.minPackedValue;
      }

      @Override
      public byte[] getMaxPackedValue() throws IOException {
        return info.maxPackedValue;
      }

      @Override
      public int getNumDimensions() throws IOException {
        return info.fieldInfo.getPointDimensionCount();
      }

      @Override
      public int getNumIndexDimensions() throws IOException {
        return info.fieldInfo.getPointDimensionCount();
      }

      @Override
      public int getBytesPerDimension() throws IOException {
        return info.fieldInfo.getPointNumBytes();
      }

      @Override
      public long size() {
        return info.pointValuesCount;
      }

      @Override
      public int getDocCount() {
        return 1;
      }
    }

    @Override
    public TermVectors termVectors() {
      return new TermVectors() {
        @Override
        public Fields get(int docID) {
          if (docID == 0) {
            return memoryFields;
          } else {
            return null;
          }
        }
      };
    }

    @Override
    public int numDocs() {
      if (DEBUG) System.err.println("MemoryIndexReader.numDocs");
      return 1;
    }

    @Override
    public int maxDoc() {
      if (DEBUG) System.err.println("MemoryIndexReader.maxDoc");
      return 1;
    }

    @Override
    public StoredFields storedFields() {
      return new StoredFields() {
        @Override
        public void document(int docID, StoredFieldVisitor visitor) throws IOException {
          if (DEBUG) System.err.println("MemoryIndexReader.document");
          for (Info info : fields.values()) {
            StoredFieldVisitor.Status status = visitor.needsField(info.fieldInfo);
            if (status == StoredFieldVisitor.Status.STOP) {
              return;
            }
            if (status == StoredFieldVisitor.Status.NO) {
              continue;
            }
            if (info.storedValues != null) {
              for (Object value : info.storedValues) {
                if (value instanceof BytesRef bytes) {
                  visitor.binaryField(info.fieldInfo, BytesRef.deepCopyOf(bytes).bytes);
                } else if (value instanceof Double d) {
                  visitor.doubleField(info.fieldInfo, d);
                } else if (value instanceof Float f) {
                  visitor.floatField(info.fieldInfo, f);
                } else if (value instanceof Long l) {
                  visitor.longField(info.fieldInfo, l);
                } else if (value instanceof Integer i) {
                  visitor.intField(info.fieldInfo, i);
                } else if (value instanceof String s) {
                  visitor.stringField(info.fieldInfo, s);
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      };
    }

    @Override
    protected void doClose() {
      if (DEBUG) System.err.println("MemoryIndexReader.doClose");
    }

    @Override
    public NumericDocValues getNormValues(String field) {
      Info info = fields.get(field);
      if (info == null || info.fieldInfo.omitsNorms()) {
        return null;
      }
      return info.getNormDocValues();
    }

    @Override
    public LeafMetaData getMetaData() {
      return new LeafMetaData(Version.LATEST.major, Version.LATEST, null, false);
    }

    @Override
    public CacheHelper getCoreCacheHelper() {
      return null;
    }

    @Override
    public CacheHelper getReaderCacheHelper() {
      return null;
    }
  }

  /** Resets the {@link MemoryIndex} to its initial state and recycles all internal buffers. */
  public void reset() {
    fields.clear();
    this.normSimilarity = IndexSearcher.getDefaultSimilarity();
    byteBlockPool.reset(false, false); // no need to 0-fill the buffers
    slicedIntBlockPool.reset(true, false); // here must must 0-fill since we use slices
    if (payloadsBytesRefs != null) {
      payloadsBytesRefs.clear();
    }
    this.frozen = false;
  }

  private static final class SliceByteStartArray extends DirectBytesStartArray {
    int[] start; // the start offset in the IntBlockPool per term
    int[] end; // the end pointer in the IntBlockPool for the postings slice per term
    int[] freq; // the term frequency

    public SliceByteStartArray(int initSize) {
      super(initSize);
    }

    @Override
    public int[] init() {
      final int[] ord = super.init();
      start = new int[ArrayUtil.oversize(ord.length, Integer.BYTES)];
      end = new int[ArrayUtil.oversize(ord.length, Integer.BYTES)];
      freq = new int[ArrayUtil.oversize(ord.length, Integer.BYTES)];
      assert start.length >= ord.length;
      assert end.length >= ord.length;
      assert freq.length >= ord.length;
      return ord;
    }

    @Override
    public int[] grow() {
      final int[] ord = super.grow();
      if (start.length < ord.length) {
        start = ArrayUtil.grow(start, ord.length);
        end = ArrayUtil.grow(end, ord.length);
        freq = ArrayUtil.grow(freq, ord.length);
      }
      assert start.length >= ord.length;
      assert end.length >= ord.length;
      assert freq.length >= ord.length;
      return ord;
    }

    @Override
    public int[] clear() {
      start = end = null;
      return super.clear();
    }
  }

  private static final class MemoryFloatVectorValues extends FloatVectorValues {
    private final Info info;

    MemoryFloatVectorValues(Info info) {
      this.info = info;
    }

    @Override
    public int dimension() {
      return info.fieldInfo.getVectorDimension();
    }

    @Override
    public int size() {
      return info.floatVectorCount;
    }

    @Override
    public float[] vectorValue(int ord) {
      if (ord == 0) {
        return info.floatVectorValues[0];
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    @Override
    public DocIndexIterator iterator() {
      return createDenseIterator();
    }

    @Override
    public VectorScorer scorer(float[] query) {
      if (query.length != info.fieldInfo.getVectorDimension()) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            "query vector dimension "
                + query.length
                + " does not match field dimension "
                + info.fieldInfo.getVectorDimension());
      }
      MemoryFloatVectorValues vectorValues = new MemoryFloatVectorValues(info);
      DocIndexIterator iterator = vectorValues.iterator();
      return new VectorScorer() {
        @Override
        public float score() throws IOException {
          assert iterator.docID() == 0;
          return info.fieldInfo
              .getVectorSimilarityFunction()
              .compare(vectorValues.vectorValue(0), query);
        }

        @Override
        public DocIdSetIterator iterator() {
          return iterator;
        }
      };
    }

    @Override
    public MemoryFloatVectorValues copy() {
      return this;
    }
  }

  private static final class MemoryByteVectorValues extends ByteVectorValues {
    private final Info info;

    MemoryByteVectorValues(Info info) {
      this.info = info;
    }

    @Override
    public int dimension() {
      return info.fieldInfo.getVectorDimension();
    }

    @Override
    public int size() {
      return info.byteVectorCount;
    }

    @Override
    public byte[] vectorValue(int ord) {
      if (ord == 0) {
        return info.byteVectorValues[0];
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    @Override
    public DocIndexIterator iterator() {
      return createDenseIterator();
    }

    @Override
    public VectorScorer scorer(byte[] query) {
      if (query.length != info.fieldInfo.getVectorDimension()) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            "query vector dimension "
                + query.length
                + " does not match field dimension "
                + info.fieldInfo.getVectorDimension());
      }
      MemoryByteVectorValues vectorValues = new MemoryByteVectorValues(info);
      DocIndexIterator iterator = vectorValues.iterator();
      return new VectorScorer() {
        @Override
        public float score() {
          assert iterator.docID() == 0;
          return info.fieldInfo
              .getVectorSimilarityFunction()
              .compare(vectorValues.vectorValue(0), query);
        }

        @Override
        public DocIdSetIterator iterator() {
          return iterator;
        }
      };
    }

    @Override
    public MemoryByteVectorValues copy() {
      return this;
    }
  }
}
