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<page xmlns="http://projectmallard.org/1.0/" xmlns:its="http://www.w3.org/2005/11/its" type="topic" id="guitar-tuner.py" lang="sv">

  <info>
    <title type="text">Gitarrstämmare (Python)</title>
    <link type="guide" xref="py#examples"/>

    <desc>Använd GTK+ och GStreamer för att bygga ett enkelt gitarrstämmarprogram för GNOME. Visar hur gränssnittsdesignern används.</desc>

    <revision pkgversion="0.1" version="0.1" date="2010-12-02" status="stub"/>
    <credit type="author">
      <name>Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME</name>
      <email its:translate="no">gnome-doc-list@gnome.org</email>
    </credit>
    <credit type="author">
      <name>Johannes Schmid</name>
      <email its:translate="no">jhs@gnome.org</email>
    </credit>
    <credit type="editor">
      <name>Marta Maria Casetti</name>
      <email its:translate="no">mmcasetti@gmail.com</email>
      <years>2013</years>
    </credit>
    <credit type="editor">
      <name>Marta Maria Casetti</name>
      <email its:translate="no">mmcasetti@gmail.com</email>
      <years>2013</years>
    </credit>
  <credit type="translator copyright"><name>Sebastian Rasmussen</name><email>sebras@gmail.com</email><years>2019</years></credit><credit type="translator copyright"><name>Anders Jonsson</name><email>anders.jonsson@norsjovallen.se</email><years>2021</years></credit></info>

<title>Gitarrstämmare</title>

<synopsis>
  <p>In this tutorial, we're going to make a program which plays tones that you can use to tune a guitar. You will learn how to:</p>
  <list>
    <item><p>Konfigurerar ett grundläggande projekt i Anjuta</p></item>
    <item><p>Skapar ett enkelt grafiskt användargränssnitt med Anjutas användargränssnittsdesigner</p></item>
    <item><p>Använder GStreamer för att spela upp ljud</p></item>
  </list>
  <p>Du behöver följande för att kunna följa denna handledning:</p>
  <list>
    <item><p>En installerad kopia av den <link xref="getting-ready">integrerade utvecklingsmiljön Anjuta</link></p></item>
    <item><p>Grundläggande kunskap i programmeringsspråket Python</p></item>
  </list>
</synopsis>

<media type="image" mime="image/png" src="media/guitar-tuner.png"/>

<section id="anjuta">
  <title>Skapa ett projekt i Anjuta</title>
  <p>Innan du börjar koda kommer du behöva konfigurera ett nytt projekt i Anjuta. Detta kommer skapa alla filer som du behöver för att bygga och köra koden senare. Det är också användbart för att hålla allting samlat.</p>
  <steps>
    <item>
    <p>Starta Anjuta och klicka på <guiseq><gui>Arkiv</gui><gui>Ny</gui><gui>Projekt</gui></guiseq> för att öppna projektguiden.</p>
    </item>
    <item>
    <p>Välj <gui>PyGTK (automake)</gui> från fliken <gui>Python</gui>, klicka på <gui>Fortsätt</gui>, och fyll i dina detaljer på de nästkommande sidorna. Använd <file>guitar-tuner</file> som projektnamn och katalog.</p>
   	</item>
    <item>
    <p>Klicka på <gui>Verkställ</gui> så kommer projektet skapas åt dig. Öppna <file>src/guitar_tuner.py</file> från flikarna <gui>Projekt</gui> eller <gui>Filer</gui>. Du bör se kod som börjar med raderna:</p>
    <code mime="test/x-python">
from gi.repository import Gtk, GdkPixbuf, Gdk
import os, sys</code>
    </item>
  </steps>
</section>

<section id="run">
  <title>Kör koden för första gången</title>
  <p>Most of the code in the file is template code. It loads an (empty) window from the user interface description file and shows it. More details are given below; skip this list if you understand the basics:</p>

  <list>
  <item>
    <p><code>import</code>-raderna högst upp säger till Python att läsa in användargränssnittsbiblioteken och systembiblioteken som behövs.</p>
   </item>
   <item>
    <p>A class is declared that will be the main class for our application. In the <code>__init__</code> method
	the main window is loaded from the GtkBuilder file (<file>src/guitar-tuner.ui</file>) and the
	signals are connected.</p>
    <p>Att ansluta signaler är hur du definierar vad som händer när du trycker på en knapp, eller när någon annan händelse inträffar. Här anropas funktionen <code>destroy</code> (och avslutar programmet) när du stänger fönstret.</p>
   </item>
   <item>
    <p>The <code>main</code> function is run by default when you start a Python application. It just creates
	an instance of the main class and starts the main loop to bring up the window.</p>
   </item>
  </list>

  <p>This code is ready to be used, so you can run it by clicking <guiseq><gui>Run</gui><gui>Execute</gui></guiseq>.</p>
</section>

<section id="ui">
  <title>Skapa användargränssnittet</title>
  <p>A description of the user interface (UI) is contained in the GtkBuilder file. To edit the user interface, open <file>src/guitar_tuner.ui</file>. This will switch to the interface designer. The design window is in the center; widgets and widgets' properties are on the right, and the palette of available widgets is on the left.
  </p>
  <p>The layout of every UI in GTK+ is organized using boxes and tables. Let's use a vertical <gui>GtkButtonBox</gui> here to assign six <gui>GtkButtons</gui>, one for each of the six guitar strings.</p>

<media type="image" mime="image/png" src="media/guitar-tuner-glade.png"/>

  <steps>
   <item>
   <p>Select a <gui>GtkButtonBox</gui> from the <gui>Container</gui> section of the <gui>Palette</gui> on the right and put it into the window. In the <gui>Properties</gui> pane, set the number of elements to 6 (for the
six strings) and the orientation to vertical.</p>
   </item>
   <item>
    <p>Now, choose a <gui>GtkButton</gui> from the palette and put it into the first part of the box.</p>
   </item>
   <item>
    <p>While the button is still selected, change the <gui>Label</gui> property in the <gui>Widgets</gui> tab to <gui>E</gui>. This will be the low E string.</p>
    </item>
    <item>
     <p>Switch to the <gui>Signals</gui> tab (inside the <gui>Widgets</gui> tab) and look for the <code>clicked</code> signal of the button. You can use this to connect a signal handler that will be called when the button is clicked by the user. To do this, click on the signal and type <code>on_button_clicked</code> in the <gui>Handler</gui> column and press <key>Return</key>.</p>
    </item>
    <item>
    <p>Repeat the above steps for the other buttons, adding the next 5 strings with the names <em>A</em>, <em>D</em>, <em>G</em>, <em>B</em>, and <em>e</em>.</p>
    </item>
    <item>
    <p>Save the UI design (by clicking <guiseq><gui>File</gui><gui>Save</gui></guiseq>) and keep it open.</p>
    </item>
  </steps>
</section>

<section id="signal">
  <title>Skriv signalhanteraren</title>
  <p>In the UI designer, you made it so that all of the buttons will call the same function, <gui>on_button_clicked</gui>, when they are clicked. We need to add that function in the source file.</p>
<p>To do this, open <file>guitar_tuner.py</file> while the user interface file is still open. Switch to the <gui>Signals</gui> tab, which you already used to set the signal name. Now take the row where you set the
<gui>clicked</gui> signal and drag it into to the source file inside the class. The following code will be added to your source file:</p>
<code mime="text/x-csrc">
def on_button_clicked (self, button):
</code>

  <p>This signal handler has two arguments: the usual Python class pointer, and the <code>Gtk.Button</code> that called the function.</p>
  <p>För tillfället kommer vi lämna signalhanteraren tom medan vi arbetar med att skriva koden för att skapa ljud.</p>
</section>

<section id="gstreamer">
  <title>GStreamer-rörledningar</title>
  <p>GStreamer is GNOME's multimedia framework — you can use it for playing, recording, and processing video, audio, webcam streams and the like. Here, we'll be using it to produce single-frequency tones.</p>
  <p>Conceptually, GStreamer works as follows: You create a <em>pipeline</em> containing several processing elements going from the <em>source</em> to the <em>sink</em> (output). The source can be an image file, a video, or a music file, for example, and the output could be a widget or the soundcard.</p>
  <p>Between source and sink, you can apply various filters and converters to handle effects, format conversions and so on. Each element of the pipeline has properties which can be used to change its behaviour.</p>
  <media type="image" mime="image/png" src="media/guitar-tuner-pipeline.png">
    <p>Exempel på en GStreamer-rörledning.</p>
  </media>
</section>

<section id="pipeline">
  <title>Konfigurera rörledningen</title>
  <p>In this simple example we will use a tone generator source called <code>audiotestsrc</code> and send the output to the default system sound device, <code>autoaudiosink</code>. We only need to configure the frequency of the tone generator; this is accessible through the <code>freq</code> property of <code>audiotestsrc</code>.</p>

  <p>Ändra importraden just i början av <file>guitar_tuner.py</file> till:</p>
  <code mime="test/x-python">from gi.repository import Gtk, Gst, GObject </code>
  <p><code>Gst</code> inkluderar GStreamer-biblioteket. Du behöver också initiera GStreamer ordentligt vilket görs i <code>main()</code>-metoden med detta anrop tillagt ovanför raden <code>app = GUI()</code>:</p>
  <code mime="test/x-python">Gst.init_check(sys.argv)</code>
  <p>Then, copy the following function into the class in <file>guitar_tuner.py</file> somewhere:</p>
  <code mime="test/x-python">
def play_sound(self, frequency):
	pipeline = Gst.Pipeline(name='note')
	source = Gst.ElementFactory.make('audiotestsrc', 'src')
	sink = Gst.ElementFactory.make('autoaudiosink', 'output')

	source.set_property('freq', frequency)
	pipeline.add(source)
	pipeline.add(sink)
	source.link(sink)
	pipeline.set_state(Gst.State.PLAYING)

	GObject.timeout_add(self.LENGTH, self.pipeline_stop, pipeline)</code>
  <steps>
    <item>
    <p>The first three lines create source and sink GStreamer elements and a pipeline element (which will be used as a container for the other two elements). The pipeline is given the name "note"; the source is named "source" and is set to the <code>audiotestsrc</code> source; and the sink is named "output" and set to the <code>autoaudiosink</code> sink (default sound card output).</p>
    </item>
    <item>
    <p>The call to <code>source.set_property</code> sets the <code>freq</code> property of the source element to <code>frequency</code>, which was passed as an argument to the <code>play_sound</code> function. This is just the frequency of the note in Hertz; some useful frequencies will be defined later on.</p>
    </item>
    <item>
    <p>The next two lines call <code>pipeline.add</code>, putting the source and sink into the pipeline. The pipeline can contain multiple other GStreamer elements. In general, you can add as many elements as you like to the pipeline by calling its <code>add</code> method repeatedly.</p>
    </item>
    <item>
    <p>Next <code>pipeline.set_state</code> is used to start playback, by setting the state of the pipeline to playing (<code>Gst.State.PLAYING</code>).</p>
    </item>
  </steps>

</section>

<section id="playback">
  <title>Stoppa uppspelning</title>
  <p>We don't want to play an annoying tone forever, so the last thing <code>play_sound</code> does is to call <code>GObject.timeout_add</code>. This sets a timeout for stopping the sound; it waits for <code>LENGTH</code> milliseconds before calling the function <code>pipeline_stop</code>, and will keep calling it until <code>pipeline_stop</code> returns <code>False</code>.</p>
  <p>Now, we'll write the <code>pipeline_stop</code> function which is called by <code>GObject.timeout_add</code>. Insert the following code <em>above</em> the <code>play_sound</code> function:</p>
  <code mime="test/x-python">
def pipeline_stop(self, pipeline):
	pipeline.set_state(Gst.State.NULL)
	return False
</code>
  <p>You need to define the <code>LENGTH</code> constant inside the class, so add this code at the beginning of the
main class:</p>
  <code mime="test/x-python">
LENGTH = 500
</code>
  <p>Anropet till <code>pipeline.set_state</code> stoppar uppspelningen av rörledningen.</p>
</section>

<section id="tones">
  <title>Definiera tonerna</title>
  <p>We want to play the correct sound when the user clicks a button. First of all, we need to know the frequencies for the six guitar strings, which are defined (at the beginning of the main class) inside a dictionary so
we can easily map them to the names of the strings:</p>
  <code mime="test/x-python">
# Frequencies of the strings
frequencies = {
	'E': 329.63,
	'A': 440,
	'D': 587.33,
	'G': 783.99,
	'B': 987.77,
	'e': 1318.5
}
</code>
  <p>Now to flesh out the signal handler that we defined earlier, <code>on_button_clicked</code>. We could have connected every button to a different signal handler, but that would lead to a lot of code duplication. Instead, we can use the label of the button to figure out which button was clicked:</p>
  <code mime="test/x-python">
def on_button_clicked(self, button):
	label = button.get_child()
	text = label.get_label()

	self.play_sound (self.frequencies[text])
</code>
  <p>The button that was clicked is passed as an argument (<code>button</code>) to <code>on_button_clicked</code>. We can get the label of that button by using <code>button.get_child</code>, and then get the text from that label using <code>label.get_label</code>.</p>
  <p>The label text is then used as a key for the dictionary and <code>play_sound</code> is called with the frequency appropriate for that note. This plays the tone; we have a working guitar tuner!</p>
</section>

<section id="run2">
  <title>Kör programmet</title>
  <p>All of the code should now be ready to go. Click <guiseq><gui>Run</gui><gui>Execute</gui></guiseq> to start the application. Enjoy!</p>
</section>

<section id="impl">
 <title>Referensimplementation</title>
 <p>Om du stöter på problem med handledningen kan du jämföra din kod med denna <link href="guitar-tuner/guitar-tuner.py">referenskod</link>.</p>
</section>

<section id="next">
  <title>Nästa steg</title>
  <p>Här är några idéer på hur du kan utöka denna enkla demonstration:</p>
  <list>
   <item>
   <p>Have the program automatically cycle through the notes.</p>
   </item>
   <item>
   <p>Make the program play recordings of real guitar strings being plucked.</p>
   <p>To do this, you would need to set up a more complicated GStreamer pipeline which allows you to load and play back music files. You'll have to choose <link href="http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/plugins.html">decoder and demuxer</link> GStreamer elements based on the file format of your recorded sounds — MP3s use different elements to Ogg Vorbis files, for example.</p>
   <p>You might need to connect the elements in more complicated ways too. This could involve using <link href="http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/data/doc/gstreamer/head/manual/html/chapter-intro-basics.html">GStreamer concepts</link> that we didn't cover in this tutorial, such as <link href="http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/data/doc/gstreamer/head/manual/html/section-intro-basics-pads.html">pads</link>. You may also find the <cmd>gst-inspect</cmd> command useful.</p>
   </item>
   <item>
   <p>Automatically analyze notes that the user plays.</p>
   <p>You could connect a microphone and record sounds from it using an <link href="http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/data/doc/gstreamer/head/gst-plugins-good-plugins/html/gst-plugins-good-plugins-autoaudiosrc.html">input source</link>. Perhaps some form of <link href="http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/data/doc/gstreamer/head/gst-plugins-good-plugins/html/gst-plugins-good-plugins-plugin-spectrum.html">spectrum analysis</link> would allow you to figure out what notes are being played?</p>
   </item>
  </list>
</section>

</page>
