Description: Hydrogen is a software synthesizer which can be used alone, emulating a drum machine based on patterns, or via an external MIDI keyboard/sequencer software. Hydrogen compiles on Linux, Mac OS X and Windows.

# Manual de Hydrogen

### Antonio Piraino

### Alessandro Cominu

### Thijs Van Severen

### Sebastian Moors

Resumen

Hydrogen is a software synthesizer which can be used alone, emulating a drum machine based on patterns, or via an external MIDI keyboard/sequencer software. Hydrogen compiles on Linux, Mac OS X and Windows.

Lista de figuras

1.1. The General Tab
1.2. La pestaña de Sistema de Audio
1.3. La pestaña de Sistema Midi
1.4. La pestaña de Apariencia
1.5. La pestaña de Motor de Audio
2.1. The Main UI in Single Pane mode
2.2. The Main UI in Tabbed mode
2.3. Barra de Herramientas Principal
2.4. El Editor de Canciones
2.5. The Pattern Options menu
2.6. Export a song
2.7. Pattern Editor in Drum mode
2.8. Pattern Editor Controls
2.9. Pattern Editor in Piano mode
2.10. El Mezclador
2.11. Select an Effect
2.12. Soundlibrary/Drumkit hierarchy
2.13. The Soundlibrary
2.14. Import Drumkit
2.15. The Instrument editor General view
2.16. The Instrument editor Layers view
2.17. The Sample Editor
3.1. El Editor de Patrones
3.2. Inserting Patterns in the Song sequence
3.3. El Mezclador

# Capítulo 1. Introducción

## 1. Descarga

You can download Hydrogen from http://www.hydrogen-music.org. On the 'Downloads' page you can find several binaries (installers) for Linux, Mac and Windows. (note that some versions may not be available for Windows and Mac)

If you want to compile Hydrogen yourself (see Sección 2), you can download the latest source files directly from our git repository with:

    $ git clone git://github.com/hydrogen-music/hydrogen.git

A certain release can be fetched with:

    $ git checkout tags/1.0.0

Compiling Hydrogen depends on the following libraries (among others):

- Qt 5 at http://www.qt.io

- libsndfile en http://www.mega-nerd.com/libsndfile/

- ALSA (>= 1.x) at http://www.alsa-project.org (only if you wish to use ALSA as audio driver)

- Jack Audio Connection Kit (>= 0.80) en http://jackaudio.org/ (sólo si quieres usar JACK como driver de audio)

- PortAudio en http://www.portaudio.com (sólo si quieres usar PortAudio como driver de audio)

- PulseAudio at http://www.pulseaudio.org (only if you wish to use PulseAudio as audio driver)

- Flac en http://flac.sf.net (sólo si quieres usar samples en flac)

- ladspa at http://www.ladspa.org (only if you wish to use ladspa effects)

- liblrdf at http://sf.net/projects/lrdf (only if you wish to use lrdf to categorise effects)

- lash en http://lash.nongnu.org (sólo si quieres usar lash)

Please install them with your distribution's package manager. If you're running a Debian-based system, you can install the libraries with:

    $ apt-get install qtbase5-dev qtbase5-dev-tools         \
            qttools5-dev qttools5-dev-tools libqt5xmlpatterns5-dev  \
            libarchive-dev libsndfile1-dev libasound2-dev liblo-dev \
            libpulse-dev libcppunit-dev liblrdf-dev                 \
            liblash-compat-dev librubberband-dev libjack-jackd2-dev

## 2. Compilación

Depending on the branch you are compiling you will need to use cmake. Check the INSTALL.txt and the README.txt files for more info (located in the top level dir once you downloaded the sources).

Compiling with cmake can be done easily by using the build.sh script. Go to the directory where the git repository was cloned and run the build.sh script without any arguments to display the help :

    $ ./build.sh

The help is now displayed (and is self-explanatory) :

       r[m]     =
    > all built, temp and cache files
                 c[lean]  =
    > remove cache files
                 m[ake]   =
    > launch the build process
                 d[oc]    =
    > build html documentation
                 g[raph]  =
    > draw a dependencies graph
                 h[elp]   =
    > show the build options
                 x|exec   =
    > execute hydrogen
                 t[ests]  =
    > execute tests
                 p[kg]    =
    > build source package
              ex: ./build.sh r m pkg x

To build Hydrogen run the build script with the 'm' option :

    $ ./build.sh m

## 3. Preferences

First of all you should make sure that the audio engine is configured properly. The preferences dialog can be accessed via the tools menu (tools -> preferences).

### 3.1. The General tab

On the "General" tab (Figura 1.1) you can choose to automatically reopen the last used song and/or playlist. This can save you the trouble of having to reopen the song you are working on every time you open Hydrogen. Auto loading the playlist can come in handy when you are using Hydrogen live.

If you want to use Lash for session management you should enable it here so Hydrogen allows interaction with Lash.

The Beat Counter drift compensation and start offset allow you to compensate for system latency when you are using the Beat Counter function (see Sección 4.1)

The Max number of bars in a song can be set here (currently limited to 800) and if you want to use rubberband for sample time-stretching (see Sección 9.5.2) you need to enter the path where rubberband is installed on you system here.

Figura 1.1. The General Tab

### 3.2. La pestaña de Sistema de Audio

From the "Audio System" tab (Figura 1.2) it is possible to modify the audio driver being used (OSS, Jack, ALSA, PortAudio, PulseAudio, CoreAudio, Auto) with its buffer and sampling rate (unless you are using JACK, in this case the audio driver configuration should happen before starting the JACK server).

Also keep an eye on the value of "Polyphony": depending on your CPU you may want to change the max simultaneous notes in order to prevent hydrogen from overrunning the audio driver.

The "Interpolate resampling" parameter allows you to select your preferred interpolation method.

Figura 1.2. La pestaña de Sistema de Audio

Están disponibles los siguientes drivers:

- Auto: Hydrogen will try a number of different drivers in a predetermined order, choose the first working one, and display the result. This option is recommended for beginners.

- Jack: The Jack driver is a professional audio server which permits very low lag and exchanges with other audio software. We strongly recommend using this driver to have the best out of Hydrogen. JACK server will start automatically if not already running.

  Available options:

  - Track output: This options determines which audio settings will be applied to the audio of the per-instrument output ports.

    Post-Fader:

    - note velocity

    - note and instrument pan

    - layer, instrument, and component gain

    - instrument and main component volume

    Pre-Fader:

    - note velocity

    - layer gain

  - BBT sync method: If Hydrogen uses Jack transport in the presence of an external Jack Timebase master (TBM), it will use the provided measure and tempo information instead of the local one of either the Song's tempo (see Sección 4) or the markers added to the Timeline (see Sección 5.2). But due to limitations in the current implementation, Hydrogen can not set both measure and speed provided by Jack for arbitrary pattern combinations. The user has two options. Either drop all measure changes in the TBM and work with tempo changes only to support arbitrary patterns (using option constant measure) or to keep the length of each pattern consistent with the corresponding measure in the TBM and to use both tempo and measure provided by Jack (option matching bars).

    For this option to take effect the J. TRAMS button has to be activated and the J. MASTER button deactivated (next to having a Jack TBM application). See Sección 4.

  - Connect to Default Output Pair: Connects the main stereo output of the Mixer to the default ports of your system (system:playback_1 and system:playback_2) every time Hydrogen starts up or the audio driver is restarted.

  - Create per-instrument outputs: In addition to the main stereo output Hydrogen will register Jack output ports for every single instrument. This can be useful if you want to add effects to a single instrument with jack-rack for example.

- Alsa: The widely adopted Linux standard audio drivers

- OSS: The Oss audio driver uses /dev/dsp and it's based on the OSS interface which is supported by the vast majority of sound cards available for Linux; this said, the use of this audio driver blocks /dev/dsp until Hydrogen is closed i.e. unusable by any other software. Use it as last resort.

- PortAudio: an open-source multi platform audio driver

- CoreAudio: un driver para Mac OS X (experimental)

- PulseAudio: a driver for the cross platform PulseAudio sound server.

### 3.3. La pestaña de Sistema Midi

The "Midi System" tab (Figura 1.3) contains all MIDI settings. Here you can choose the MIDI driver (ALSA, PortMidi, CoreMidi or JackMidi) input, and channel(s) that Hydrogen should respond to. You can also define midi bindings: link a midi note/message to an action. To do this simply press the red 'REC' button left of the event-action binding line. A popup will inform you that Hydrogen is waiting for your input. Press/hit/turn the key/pad/knob on your midi keyboard (or controller) that you want to link to this action. The popup will close and the Event Param value will now show the midi note value of the key you pressed. Once this is done you can select an Action from the action drop-down list. Note that some actions (like SELECT_NEXT_PATTERN) also require an Action Param that references the pattern you want to select with this midi action.

See Sección 10 for more info on Midi actions.

Figura 1.3. La pestaña de Sistema Midi

### 3.4. La pestaña de Apariencia

The "Appearance" tab (Figura 1.4) let's you modify Hydrogen look and feel (font settings and interface style). On this tab you can also change the VU meters fall-off speed and switch between Single pane and Tabbed interface mode (see Sección 2)

Figura 1.4. La pestaña de Apariencia

### 3.5. The Audio Engine tab (debug only)

The "Audio Engine" tab (Figura 1.5) is a window that shows various stats about Hydrogen and the audio driver. In case JACK is used, buffer and sampling rate should be set in the configuration of the JACK server before starting Hydrogen (JACK automatically starts when an application tries to connect).

Note that the Audio Engine tab is only available if Hydrogen was compiled with debug support.

Figura 1.5. La pestaña de Motor de Audio

# Capítulo 2. Utilizar Hydrogen

## 1. Tipos de Archivo

Antes de trabajar con Hydrogen, por favor familiarízate con estos archivos:

- *.h2pattern: Archivo XML que describe un sólo patrón. Los patrones son conjuntos de golpes y se gestionan en el editor de patrones.

- *.h2song: Archivo XML que describe la canción entera (o secuencia). Las canciones son conjuntos de patrones con sus propiedades y se gestionan utilizando el editor de canciones

- *.h2playlist: XML file describing a playlist. A Playlist is a (ordered) group of songs.

- *.h2drumkit: Una carpeta comprimida y archivada que contiene todos los samples de sonidos que componen un "drumkit" (una batería) y un archivo XML de descripción. Los drumkits son básicamente un conjunto de samples.

## 2. The main User Interface : an overview

The Main UI comes in 2 flavors : the (classic) Single Pane mode (ideal for large- and medium size screens), and the Tabbed mode (optimized for netbook screen sizes).

Below you can see the main UI split up in 5 parts : the Main Menu, Main Toolbar, Song Editor, Pattern Editor and the Instrument and Sound Library Editor. These sections will be explained in detail further down in this manual.

Figura 2.1. The Main UI in Single Pane mode

Figura 2.2. The Main UI in Tabbed mode

## 3. Menú principal

Proyectos: este menú ofrece funciones relacionados con archivos.

- Nuevo - Crear una canción nueva

- Mostrar Info - Configurar propiedades generales de la canción como el nombre, autor, licencia y notas genéricas

- Abrir - Abrir una canción

- Abrir Demo - Abrir una canción demo (las demos se guardan en $INSTALLPATH/share/hydrogen/data/demo_songs)

- Abrir reciente - Abrir un menú mostrando las últimas canciones utilizadas

- Guardar - Guardar cambios a la canción actual

- Guardar como - Guardar canción actual especificando un nombre (ruta por defecto: $HOME/.hydrogen/data/songs)

- Abrir patrón - Abrir un patrón guardado perteneciente al drumkit actual

- Exportar patrón como - Guarda el patrón. Se guardará en $HOME/.hydrogen/data/patterns/nombre_drumkit

- Exportar archivo MIDI - Exportar canción actual en formato MIDI

- Export song - Export current song in WAV format (see Sección 5.5)

- Salir - Salir de Hydrogen

Undo: Undo/Redo functions.

- Undo - Lets you undo your last action

- Redo - Lets you redo the last undone action

- Command History - Gives you an overview of your previous actions

Instrumentos: este menú ofrece funciones de instrumentos y drumkit (librerías de sonidos).

- Añadir instrumento - Añade un nuevo instrumento a tu drumkit actual

- Limpiar todo - Borra todos los instrumentos del drumkit actual

- Guardar librería - Guarda todas las configuraciones de instrumentos (y sus samples) en $HOME/.hydrogen/data/nombre_librería

- Exportar librería - Comprime todos los samples de instrumentos y configuraciones de un drumkit en $HOME/.hydrogen/data/nombre_librería

- Importar librería - Importa otro drumkit del sistema local de archivos or descárgalo de una ubicación remota a través de un flujo XML. El archivo XML que debería suministrarse NO es compatible con RSS (ver Hydrogen website para un ejemplo). Para cargar otro drumkit en tu sesión actual de Hydrogen, lee Sección 8.

Tools: opens the mixer, the director, the playlist editor, the instrument rack and the general preferences window.

- Editor de lista de reproducción - Una herramienta para gestionar listas de reproducción.

- Director - Open the director window.

- Mezclador - Abre la ventana del mezclador.

- Rack de instrumentos - Abre el panel del rack de instrumentos.

- Preferencias - Abre la ventana principal de preferencias. Lee Sección 3 para ver cómo configurar Hydrogen.

Debug: tools mainly for debugging and monitoring Hydrogen (only available when compiled with debug support !).

- Mostrar info del motor de audio - Abre un monitor con varias estadísticas

- acción de depuración - Inserta comandos de depuración.

- Imprime objetos - Imprime el actual mapa de objetos en stdout.

Info

- Manual del usuario - Abre una ventana con este manual :)

- About - The usual window with license information, acknowledgments, etc.

## 4. Barra de herramientas principal

Antes de analizar los dos marcos principales de Hydrogen, vamos a echar un rápido vistazo a la barra principal y sus componentes:

- PIlota la canción usando inicio, parada, pausa, etc. botones

- Escoge entre modo "patrón" o modo "canción": en modo "patrón", sólo se reproducirá el patrón seleccionado, mientras que en modo "canción", se reproducirán todos los patrones insertados.

- An advanced tap tempo function: choose note length and how many notes to wait before recalculating BPM, then hit the comma key repeatedly until the 'R' letter appears and then the BPM will be updated. (see Sección 4.1)

- Fijar PPM manualmente

- Gestionar transporte JACK

- Abre el mezclador y los paneles del rack de instrumentos

Figura 2.3. Barra de Herramientas Principal

- Main controls to start [Hotkey = Spacebar], stop, record, fast forward, rewind, loop a song or a pattern.

- Set Pattern/Song Mode. When Song mode is selected Hydrogen will play the complete song. This is the sequence of patterns you have created in the Song Editor (see Sección 5). When Pattern mode is selected Hydrogen will play the pattern that is currently selected, and thus displayed in the Pattern Editor (see Sección 6).

- Set measure type and Beat Counter (see Sección 4.1).

- Configuración de la velocidad de reproducción (rango: 30-400 ppm) [Tecla acceso rápido = rueda del ratón] y botón para activar/desactivar el metrónomo

- Shows CPU load and MIDI events. The CPU bargraph gives you an indication of the CPU load. The MIDI led lights up every time Hydrogen receives a midi message.

- Click J. TRANS to enable Jack transport. If the J. MASTER button is pressed Hydrogen will work as Jack timebase 'master' by sending additional information, like the current speed, to other Jack clients. Else it will either act as 'slave' in the presence of another timebase master (e.g. Ardour) or as a stand-alone client in the absence of it. Please note that when acting as 'slave' Hydrogen will obey the tempo provided by the timebase master and instead of its own tempo markers (see Sección 3.2).

- The last section gives you quick access to the Mixer window and the Instrument Rack. The LCD screen displays what Hydrogen is up to.

### 4.1. Tap Tempo y Contador de Pulsaciones (BeatCounter)

It is possible to change the tempo at any time using the tap-tempo and BeatCounter features of Hydrogen. You can do this while the song is playing or while the song is stopped. To change the tempo, hit the , (comma) key in the tempo you want. After the correct number of keystrokes have been detected (see below for details), the tempo will change to the average tempo you tapped the comma key. If you continue to tap, these new taps will become a part of a rolling average. If you tap accidentally, or if you wait too long between taps, the tap tempo counter will start over.

The Tap Tempo is a part of the BeatCounter, which is essentially a Tap Tempo on steroids. By default the BeatCounter display is not visible. To see the BeatCounter widget click the upright button (BC) between Song/Pattern mode selector and the BPM-widget, or, simply press the comma key. (,).

The tempo that you tap will be considered even beats of the song's beat type. The beat type can be set to 1/8 (for eight-note beats), 1/4 (for quarter-note beats), 1/2 (for half-note beats), and 1/1 (for whole-note beats). To change the beat type use the left +/- buttons. To change the Countdown Counter value, use the right +/- buttons. The Countdown Counter value can be set between 2 and 16 beats. (I.e. if you set the beat to 6, you will have to tap 6 times before the new tempo is computed and set.) When the display shows an R, it means that the BeatCounter is ready to start from 0. When you tap the comma key, the R will change to 1, and will increment with every keystroke until it reaches the Countdown Counter value (shown just below the 'R').

El botón de la parte inferior derecha controla la función de auto-arranque, y cambia entre S y P. Cuando muestra la P de (Play), la canción fijará el nuevo tempo y automáticamente empezará a reproducir después de que pulses el número correcto de pulsaciones (si no está reproduciendo ya, claro). De este modo, si tienes el Contador de Pulsaciones fijado para 4/4, puedes pulsar 1-2-3-4, y comenzar a reproducir en el siguiente compás. Cuando muestra la S (de Set BPM), (fijar PPM) el auto-arranque está desactivado.

Por ejemplo: Supón que tienes una banda en directo, Hydrogen, y un sintetizador de software controlado por Seq24... y quieres que todos arranquen a la vez. Fija el tipo de compás en 1/4 y el número de golpes en 4. Activa el auto-arranque (el botón muestra una P). Cuenta 1-2-3-4 para la banda (dando a la tecla de coma) — y todos empiezan a la de 1.

Otro ejemplo: La misma situación, pero la canción no necesita de Hydrogen ni sintetizadores hasta más tarde. Durante ese tiempo, un humano (por ej. el guitarrista) fijará el tempo. En el compás antes de que Hydrogen debe tocar, pulsa la tecla de coma 1-2-3-4 con el ritmo... y entras en el siguiente compás (con el tempo correcto).

Si utilizas Transporte JACK, el Contador de Pulsaciones sigue funcionando. Si otro programa es el Maestro del Transporte JACK, Hydrogen responderá al cambio de tempo de esa aplicación. Nótese que en esta situación, Hydrogen funciona como esclavo, así que algunas funciones del Contador de Pulsaciones estarán desactivadas o no funcionarán correctamente. Si Hydrogen es el Maestro del Transporte JACK, los cambios de tempo de Hydrogen se verán reflejados en los demás programas (suponiendo que lo soportan).

Some of the settings to adjust the BeatCounter's latency compensation, are located on the General tab of the Preferences Dialog (see Sección 3.1 ). Here you will find two spinboxes:

- Compensación de desajuste del Contador de Pulsaciones en 1/10ms — ajusta esto para compensar la latencia entre el teclado y el programa.

- Compensación para el inicio del Contador de Pulsaciones en ms — ajusta el tiempo entre el último golpe tecleado en el Contador de Pulsaciones y el momento en que se inicia la canción (si está activado el auto-arranque).

Nótese que estos valores pueden ser positivos (+) o negativos (-). Para encontrar valores útiles, tendrás que tomarte tu tiempo para hacer pruebas. Además, puede que requieras diferentes valores dependiendo de la velocidad de tu hardware, dispositivo de audio, drivers, etc. La utilización del Contador de Pulsaciones require práctica.

## 5. Editor de Canciones

The "Song Editor" (Figura 2.4) gives an overview of the whole timeline of the song (e.g. intro, verse, bridge, chorus and so on); each blue colored square on this panel represents a complete bar as shown in the underlying "Pattern Editor" panel. The song editor gives you complete freedom to add/remove patterns to the song and to move or copy any part of your song.

Figura 2.4. El Editor de Canciones

### 5.1. Main controls

- Borrar completamente todos los patrones (¡pide confirmación!).

- Crear un patrón nuevo (y pide un nombre).

- Mover el patrón seleccionado hacia arriba o abajo.

  Note that you can also just drag-and-drop a pattern up/down in the pattern list.

- Enable Draw Mode. This mode allows you to create a song by drawing blocks on the song canvas.

  Clicking a square on the song canvas will add a pattern (the square will turn blue), clicking it again will remove that pattern from the song.

  Using the arrow keys on the keyboard, and the Return key, will also add and remove patterns from the song. The keyboard input cursor is usually hidden unless you press one of the arrow keys.

- Enable Select Mode. This mode allows you to select a part of the song and delete/move/copy it.

  Once you have selected a part of your song you can delete it by pressing the Delete button. You can move it by simply dragging your selection to another location, and you can also copy your selection by Ctrl-dragging it to a new location.

  Selections can be modified by Ctrl-clicking to select additional blocks, or to remove selected blocks from the selection.

  The arrow keys on the keyboard can also be used, along with the Return key, to select, move and copy (Ctrl+Return) parts of the song.

  Pressing Escape will cancel an editing operation that's in progress, or clear any selection.

- set Hydrogen to "Single pattern mode" or to "Stacked pattern mode".

  For more info on this see the SELECT_NEXT_PATTERN midi action in Sección 10.

### 5.2. Tempo markers and song Tags

This section describes how you can define tempo changes and how you can add tags to your song.

The majority of songs consist of several parts (intro, verse, chorus ...) and often these parts will have a different tempo. Hydrogen provides an easy way to let you change the tempo of a song at any given moment in the song. This is done by adding Tempo change Markers to your song.

To add a Tempo change marker to your song you first need to enable the 'BPM' option (the BPM button is located just above the Song editors main controls). Once this is done the horizontal bar next to the BPM button changes to a ruler with marks at every bar. Now simply left-click this ruler at the bar you want the tempo to change and a window will pop up where you can enter the new tempo. (Please note that the ruler will not be available while using the Jack transport in 'slave' mode.)

Once you have entered the new tempo and clicked OK, the tempo change will show up on the tempo ruler. If you click the Tempo marker again you can edit the tempo, change the bar or delete the tempo marker.

In addition to changing the tempo when the song switches from intro > verse, it is also very handy to have a clear indication of this tempo switch (or any other event in the song). For this purpose you can also add Tags markers to the song. These Tags are short text messages you can add to your song at any given moment that will be displayed whenever the song playhead passes by that Tag.

To add a Tag to your song simply middle-click on the song ruler (just below the tempo ruler) and a window will pop up where that allows you to add text for any bar.

Once you are done you will see a small blue 'T' in the song ruler for every tag you have entered. Middle-click anywhere on the song ruler to edit the tags.

Now all we need is a way to see the tags we have entered. This can be done using the Director window. Open the Director by pressing Alt-D, or Tools- Director :

The Director is your best friend when you need a quick overview of what Hydrogen is currently doing. This comes in very handy when you are recording a song, or if you are using Hydrogen live on stage.

The Director shows you the song name, a visual metronome and of course the song Tags. Just below the metronome you can see the latest tag, and below that the next upcoming tag. This way you have a nice overview of what is going on, and what is about to happen in the song

### 5.3. Using a playback track

This section describes how you can use a playback track to write drums for an existing track. This useful when you want to write a drumtrack to an already existing instrumental track, for example a guitar track.

To add a playback track to your song, you need to enable the playback track view. This can be done by pressing the small "P" button in the next to the vertical scroll bar of the song editor.

An alternative way to enable the playback track view is to enable the option "Playback track" in the "View" menu. If the playback track view is enabled, a visualisation of the currently loaded track is display above the song editor.

Left to the visualisation, the controls for the playback are displayed:

- Edit: Load a new playback track

  Mute: Mute the current playback track

  Fader: Adjust the volume of the playback track

As an alternative to the use of the Edit Button, you can add a new playback track by drag'n'drop, just drag an audio file to the visualation area. When a playback track track is loaded, it will be played everytime Hydrogen is in "Play" mode and the song mode is activated.

### 5.4. Patterns options

Right-clicking the name of a pattern will show you a menu where you can change a number of things :

Figura 2.5. The Pattern Options menu

- Edit : will open the selected pattern in the Pattern Editor.

- Copy : will copy the selected pattern to a new pattern in your song.

  Note that patterns with the same name are not allowed.

- Delete : will completely remove the selected pattern from the song.

- Fill/Clear : will open a window that allows you to fill/clear a part of the song with the selected pattern by entering the start- and end bar.

- Properties : will open a window where you can change the name of the pattern and also assign it to a certain category.

  Note that you can choose one of the existing categories from the dropdown list, but you can also enter a new category name in the Pattern Category box.

- Load Pattern : will open the selected pattern in the Pattern Editor.

- Save Pattern : will open the selected pattern in the Pattern Editor.

- Virtual Pattern : will open the selected pattern in the Pattern Editor.

  Virtual patterns are a convenient way of grouping patterns together. For example, say you have a song in which three patterns are always played together at the start of each bar. Previously, the way to do this in the pattern matrix was to explicitly enable the three patterns at each bar.

  With virtual patterns we can assign a pattern to be a sort of meta-pattern that implicitly invokes these three patterns together when the new virtual pattern is enabled in the pattern matrix. This way, we only need to set one pattern every bar, instead of three.

  Virtual patterns provide a function that's similar to the regular pattern editor, and one could argue that since a virtual pattern is also a regular pattern, we could have just merged the three patterns into this new one. However, the advantage that virtual patterns provide is that if one of the original three patterns changes, the virtual pattern automatically inherits the change. A virtual pattern can also invoke other virtual patterns.

### 5.5. Exporting your song

Once your song is finished you can export it to an audio file. This audio file can then be played on your favorite media player or imported in an other audio application.

To do this, go to Project - "Export song" and the following window will pop up:

Figura 2.6. Export a song

To export a song you need to do 3 things:

- Enter a name and location for the export file in the 'Export filename' field

- Select one of the available templates (e.g. CD, DAT ...) according to your needs: each template has a specific bitrate, resolution, and audio format (WAV, AIFF, FLAC or OGG). You can tweak the selected template using the samplerate/sampledepth dropdown boxes underneath the template field.

- Export mode: 'Export to a single track' will export 1 stereo downmix of your song (= the master output). 'Export to separate tracks' will create files for each instrument/track. 'Both' will create a stereo downmix + audio files for all individual instruments.

Once all these settings have been configured all you need to do is click the 'Export' button and Hydrogen will generate the requested files.

### Nota

If you have tempo changes in your song (see Sección 5.2) these tempo changes will not be exported. This is a know limitation of the current versions (including 0.9.6)

As a workaround you can record the output of Hydrogen with an audio recording application (like Ardour, Qtractor ...)

## 6. Editor de Patrones

The "Pattern Editor" allows you to create or modify the selected pattern by adding/removing notes and tuning a number of per-note properties like velocity and pan. The Pattern Editor can be used in 2 modes : 'Drum' mode or 'Piano' mode. You can switch between these modes by clicking the Drum/Piano button (located on the top-right of the Pattern Editor)

### Nota

- If you are editing a pattern in Single Pattern Mode you will always hear the pattern you are editing when you press play.

- If you are working in Stacked Pattern Mode you will hear the active pattern(s), not necessarily the pattern you are currently editing. (The active patterns have a small triangle next to the pattern name in the Song Editor).

First let's take a look at the (classic) 'Drum' mode :

Figura 2.7. Pattern Editor in Drum mode

### 6.1. Pattern Editor Controls

The top part of the pattern editor contains a number of controls :

Figura 2.8. Pattern Editor Controls

From left to right :

- SIZE: lets you choose the length of the pattern (in note values)

  It will open a dialog to enter the new size as text, in the standard music fractional notation:

  Type '/' to separate numerator and denominator.

  If you enter just the numerator (e.g. "4"), the current denominator will be assumed.

  You can enter a decimal numerator (e.g. "4.5/4") but since Hydrogen resolution is limited, some values are not supported and will be approximated.

  Hydrogen supports (only) the following denominators: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 96, 192, because these are the factors of the maximum resolution (192 ticks per whole note). You can use unsupported denominators, but the size will be approximated almost all the times, hence a warning icon will appear:

- RES : this is the current grid resolution (4 through 64)

  Remember this constraint concerning the grid: if you are working with a resolution of 16 you can't go back to 8 and remove an upbeat 16th note. On the other hand if you are working with a resolution of 8 and you try to insert a note in the middle of two bars (looking for a 16 bars precision), notes will be placed in the previous or in the following 8th bar. This constraint can be removed if you disable the whole grid resolution (choose "off" from the grid resolution LCD control). Now you'll be able to place notes wherever you prefer.

- HEAR : when enabled Hydrogen will play the sample as it's being added to the pattern.

- QUANT : enables/disables quantization. When enabled the beats inserted will automatically respect the grid resolution currently applied.

- INPUT : switch Pattern Editor between Drum and Piano mode. (see below)

### 6.2. Pattern Editor Drumkit

The section on the left shows you what drumkit is currently selected (GMkit by default) and below that you can see the instruments that are part of this kit.

Each instrument has its own set of features that are accessible by right-clicking the instrument. From the context menu that pops up you can select

- Clear notes : to remove all notes for this instrument in this pattern.

- Fill notes : this allows you to fill up the pattern with notes for the selected instrument. Depending on the choice you make (fill all, fill 1/2, fill 1/4 ...) notes will be placed at all, 1/2, 1/4, etc of the note positions that are allowed by the grid setting. So be careful not to mix up the 'musical' 1/2-note and the 'fill 1/2' note.

- Randomize velocity : automatically apply a pseudo-random velocity to each note of that instrument in the pattern. The more velocity you set on the instrument, the more hydrogen will hit “hard” on that instrument when played.

- Delete Instrument : well, deletes the instrument ;-)

The small red and green buttons right of the instrument names are the “mute” (red) and “solo” (green) buttons.

The order of the instruments can be rearranged by simply dragging an instrument up/down in the list and dropping it on a new position within the drumkit. Doing so will not change anything to the sequence you have created for that instrument, nor will it change anything to the song or pattern you are working on. It will however, have an impact on the MIDI note mapping : in the table below you can find the link between the instrument position, the MIDI note and the qwerty keyboard keys.

Important Notes :

The name of the instrument depends on the drumkit that is loaded. This list below refers to the GMkit that is loaded by default.

Try to follow the GM midi standard as accurately as possible. This will ensure that switching between drumkits goes smoothly. You are of course free to place your instruments anywhere in your drumkit, and sometimes it isn't even possible to follow the GM standard, but it makes life a lot easier if you do.

Keep in mind that it is the position of the instrument (within the loaded drumkit) that is linked to a MIDI-note/keyboard-key and not the name of the instrument.

Here's a quick reference of the above bindings for your convenience.

### 6.3. Pattern Editor Sequence area

This is where it all happens, this is where you can make music :-)

In this area you can see your selected pattern and add notes for any instrument. The simplest way to create a pattern is by adding notes using your mouse (and the 'Fill/Clear notes' function described above). Where you can add notes depends on the used pattern size and resolution.

If you are using Hydrogen as a pure 'drum' you just want Hydrogen to 'hit' the instrument wherever there's a 'dot' in the pattern. If you are using Hydrogen as an 'instrument', the length of the note becomes very important. There are 2 ways to define the length of a note :

- you can add a note by left-clicking, and then can 'stretch' that note by right-click-dragging it. This will change the dot into a rectangle that represents the duration of that note.

- Alternatively, you can add a stop-note by Shift+left-clicking. This adds a blue dot which represents the end of the note.

(Figure above, from left >right : a 'normal' note, a note in 'note length' mode, a note in 'note off' mode)

As in the Song Editor, the arrow keys can also be used to move around the pattern, and notes can be placed or removed with Return.

Notes can be selected by dragging over them with the mouse (or Shift+arrow keys), and can be deleted with 'Delete', or moved by dragging (or Return followed by arrow key movements) the notes to a new location. This allows notes to be moved between different instruments, or to adjust their timing.

Moving a selection of notes with Ctrl held down will copy them to the new location rather than moving.

Selected notes can also be copied to the clipboard with Ctrl+C, and pasted with Ctrl+V. When pasting, the relative positions of the input cursor at the time of the Copy and Paste operation will set the new position of pasted notes.

So far we have only used the mouse to create a pattern, but you can also record your beats by clicking the Record button (see Sección 3) and simply playing your pattern on your MIDI drum or your pc keyboard (see instrument mapping above). This is probably a more musical way of creating a pattern, but it's up to you to decide what works best for you. (Also see Capítulo 3 for a basic walk-through of how the pattern editor works)

### 6.4. Pattern Editor Note Properties

Clicking on an instrument or adding/removing a note next to it will select this instrument. Once an instrument is selected the note properties for this instrument will be shown in the form of vertical lines in the bottom window. The lines represent the value for the selected property of each note of the selected instrument. You can select another note-property from the note property drop-down list (located bottom-left). There are 4 note properties available :

- Velocity : how hard the note is played (the volume of the note)

  Note that the color of the note-dot and the vertical bar will change according to the velocity value you have defined. A light shade of gray means a low velocity (low volume) and the higher you set the velocity the darker the color will be, turning red when you reach the point of clipping.

- Pan : with this parameter you can define the stereo image of the note (how loud it will be in the left/right output)

- Lead/Lag : Lead and Lag allows a slight note lead or lag in respect of the actual beat. The range is ca. 5 ticks which equals around ca. 10 ms at a tempo of 120bpm. Changing the lead/lag can make a huge difference to the way your pattern sounds and feels. It's a groove thing ;-)

- Notekey : if you select this note parameter the area where you can modify the parameter will change into a 'piano keyboard'

  The striped black and white area represents a piano keyboard and in the gray area you can choose the octave. By placing a dot on the octave scale and a dot on the 'keyboard' you can choose any note.

### 6.5. Pattern Editor Piano mode

Drum mode (see Figura 2.7) focuses on using Hydrogen as a drum machine. If you are using Hydrogen as an instrument there is a big chance that the Piano mode is for you. It gives you a complete 'piano keyboard' so you can easily put down your tunes.

You can compare the Piano mode to the Note properties Notekey (described above), only here you have a complete piano keyboard, so you don't have to select the octave first.

Figura 2.9. Pattern Editor in Piano mode

## 7. Mezclador

The Mixer window can be opened by pressing Alt+M, by clicking Mixer in the Tools menu, or by clicking the Mixer button on the main toolbar.

The Mixer consists of 3 sections (left >right) : the instrument channel strips, the FX plugin rack and the master fader section. The Hydrogen Mixer works very much like a hardware mixer does : it lets you set the volume, pan, FX and several other things for every instrument.

Figura 2.10. El Mezclador

### 7.1. Instrument channel strips

From top to bottom : the 2 top elements on the strip are a 'play' button / 'trig' led combination. ( ) The play button lets you trigger the instrument at maximum velocity (handy for checking clipping), and the trig led lights up whenever this instrument is triggered (from the song sequence, or by an external midi controller). Right of this button/led you will find another led that shows you what instrument is currently selected. This is also the instrument that is selected in the pattern editor. As soon as you change one of the settings of a channel strip the instrument will be selected.

Just below you can find the Mute and Solo buttons and the Pan(orama) knob. Note that the Mute and Solo states are also reflected in the Song editor.

Next are 4 pre-fader FX send knobs that determine how much of this instrument will be sent to the effect plugins in the FX rack.

Just below that you can find an LCD peak-value display, and finally the volume fader and VU meter for that instrument.

IMPORTANT NOTE : keep in mind that the volume and pan settings that you find on the Mixer are global settings. The per-note velocity and pan settings in the Pattern editor are settings that are relative to the settings in the Mixer window !

### 7.2. FX rack and LADSPA plugins

The FX rack has 4 bays where you can load a LADSPA effect plugin, but before you can load any plugins these must be installed (surprised ? ;-)

There are dozens of plugins available for download from various sources :

- SWH-Plugins available at http://plugin.org.uk.

  (Note : if you want to compile these plugins you need the FFTW tarball from http://www.fftw.org)

- CMT disponible en http://www.ladspa.org.

- TAP disponible en http://tap-plugins.sf.net.

- Calf plugins http://calf.sourceforge.net/.

- ....

### Los Plugins Matan

A badly designed LADSPA plugin is capable of hanging, crashing, freezing, screeching, overflowing buffers, and even phoning home. If you start having issues with Hydrogen, disable your plugins and see if things improve. Some plugins are not designed for real-time use, and some are just plain better than others.

Once you have installed some plugins you can select one by clicking the button. (if you do not see the FX rack, make sure that the button (in the Master section) is enabled)

Now the FX selector window will pop up :

Figura 2.11. Select an Effect

Once you have selected a plugin you will immediately have access to its parameters:

You can select another plugin by clicking the 'Select FX' button. If you quickly want to enable/disable the effect click the 'Deactivate' button (or the Bypass ( ) button in the FX rack). This can be handy for a quick A/B comparison.

After you have selected the FX and tweaked it's parameters you can use the FX return knob to increase/decrease how much of this FX will be returned to the master output.

### 7.3. Master section

The Master section contains the Master volume fader with VU meters and three global Humanize settings for Velocity, Timing and Swing (in order to add a 'human feel' to the song):

- Velocity : adds a certain randomness to the note velocity. The higher you turn this knob, the more the velocity will be randomized.

- Timing : adds a certain randomness to the note timing (lead/lag). The higher you turn this knob, the more the timing will be randomized.

- Swing : this knob will add a certain amount of swing to the song.

Note that Hydrogen can also be switched to 'per instrument output' mode (see Sección 3.2), and in this mode all channel strip outputs will be available in Jack (not just the Master output). This allows you to route the individual instruments directly into any other Jack enabled application (eg Ardour) and gives you a lot more flexibility.

On the bottom-right of the Master section the 'FX' button will show/hide the FX rack, and the 'Peak' button will enable/disable the VU meters.

### Nota

The VU meter fall off speed can be configured in the preferences window (see Sección 3.4)

## 8. Sound Library (Drumkit/Pattern/Song Manager)

First of all a little history on the Sound library and Drumkits. Hydrogen began as a dedicated drum machine but has evolved into a versatile sound synthesizer/sequencer that is capable of generating and manipulating all sorts of sounds. Hence the original "Drumkit" terminology is slightly misleading. You can load any kind of sound into a "Drumkit" and manipulate that sound just like playing a regular synthesizer. This is also the main reason why the Piano mode was added to the pattern editor (see Sección 6.5).

In this manual (and in other documentation) "Drumkit" and "Soundlibrary" frequently mean the same thing, but not always. The diagram below shows the actual relation between the Soundlibrary and Drumkits:

Figura 2.12. Soundlibrary/Drumkit hierarchy

As you can see the Soundlibrary contains all Drumkits (System and User drumkits), your saved Patterns and your saved Songs. Each Drumkit is a collection of a number of instruments (snare, kick, sampled voice, bass sound ...) and in its turn an instrument can consist of multiple layered samples. Note that every block has a number of parameters (continue reading for more details).

This said. let's take a look at the Soundlibrary interface and see what it can do for you:

The Sound Library saves you time in managing your drum kits, favourite patterns, and favourite songs. When making new songs and new drum kits, it allows you to reuse and mix the instruments and patterns from other kits and songs.

Figura 2.13. The Soundlibrary

### 8.1. Drumkits del sistema

This lists the drumkits that were installed by your system administrator. The location of these System Drumkits is determined by the compile-time prefix. On Unix-like operating systems, this is usually `/usr/share/hydrogen/data/drumkits`, or possibly `/usr/local/share/hydrogen/data/drumkits`. These kits are available to all users on the system, and users are usually not able to add to them.

Para cargar un drumkit desde aquí, haz clic derecho sobre el drumkit y selecciona Cargar. Esto reemplazará el drumkit actual con el que has seleccionado. Para cargar sólo un instrumento de ese drumkit, haz clic izquierdo sobre el plus a la izquierda del nombre del drumkit para mostrar todos los instrumentos. Con el botón izquierdo del ratón, haz clic y arrastra los instrumentos al drumkit actual. El instrumento se añadirá al drumkit que tienes cargado actualmente.

### 8.2. (Adding) User Drumkits

Estos son tus propios drumkits que puedes gestionar tú mismo. Normalmente se guardan en `$HOME/.hydrogen/data/drumkits`. Cuando estás creando un nuevo drumkit, puedes guardarlo aquí seleccionando Instrumentos → Guardar biblioteca .

You can import existing drumkits from other users via Instruments → Import library. The Import window will pop up with the Internet tab selected. By default the link to the drumkit list (on hydrogen-music.org) will be filled in, and after pressing the 'Update list' button you will get a complete list of all drumkits that are available for download. In the status column you can see if a kit is installed or not.

Figura 2.14. Import Drumkit

If you select one of the drumkits you will see info about this kit in the right pane of the Import window: name, description, author and also the license type.

### Aviso

If you are using Hydrogen for commercial purposes, (creating songs and selling these on-line or in any other way) you need to pay special attention to the license type of the drumkit(s) you are using.

If the exact license is not available for a drumkit, do _NOT_ assume that it is a CC (or other open and free license type).

Even if the kit is CC licensed you should always check with the author before using the kit in your songs.

DISCLAIMER : hydrogen is not responsible for the drumkits that are made available for download by our users, either via the hydrogen-music.org site or via any other channel.

You can install a drumkit by selecting it and clicking 'Download and Install'.

Once the kit has been downloaded it will be available in the Sound Library under "User drumkits".

### 8.3. Canciones en la Biblioteca de Sonidos

To save songs in the Sound Library, put them in your data directory underneath the `songs` folder (usually `$HOME/.hydrogen/data/songs)`. To remove them, remove the file from that folder.

### 8.4. Patrones en la Biblioteca de Sonidos

Before you save a pattern to the sound library, be sure to give it a title and a category. Right-click on the pattern, select "Properties" and enter the details. You can use one of the categories already provided, or create your own categories by simply typing in a category name. The category name is important, because the patterns will be filed by category in the Sound Library.

You can add a pattern to the sound library by right clicking the title of the pattern in the song editor, and selecting "Save Pattern". It will now appear in the Sound Library underneath "Patterns" and the category that you assigned to the pattern.

## 9. Edición de Drumkits e Instrumentos

### 9.1. Conceptos

The synthesizer in Hydrogen is a sample-based synthesizer. A sample is a piece of pre-recorded audio (usually between 0.1 sec and 3 sec). To play a note, the sample is simply played back at the right time. There are a few concepts and terms that you should understand when you are putting together a drumkit. (See Glosario for more detailed explanations.)

Términos del Sintetizador de Samples

Sample

  A short recording of a sound, typically between 0.1 and 3.0 seconds long.

Ganancia (Gain)

  Ajuste de volumen.

Intensidad

  La fuerza con la que golpeas una nota.

ADSR Envelope Generator (Generador de Envolventes ADSR)

  An Attack/Decay/Sustain/Release envelope generator. After you trigger a note, Hydrogen will attack the note by increasing its volume from 0 to the full velocity of the note. After reaching full velocity, it will decay the note by lowering the volume until it reaches the sustain level. When the note is released, Hydrogen reduces the volume from the sustain level back down to 0. See ADSR Envelope for more info

Attack (Ataque)

  La cantidad de tiempo para ir de 0 hasta la intensidad máxima.

Decay (decaimiento)

  La cantidad de tiempo para ir de la intensidad máxima al volumen de sustain.

Sustain

  El nivel (el volumen) en el que la nota se sostiene entre el sustain y el release. Es un porcentaje de la intensidad. No depende del tiempo.

Release

  La cantidad de tiempo para ir del volumen de sustain de vuelta a 0.

Los samples típicos utilizados en Hydrogen son: el sonido de un golpe simple de batería, el sonido de un golpe simple de plato, el sonido de un golpe simple de cencerro. Cuando metes una nota en el patrón (o reproduces una nota usando MIDI), Hydrogen reproducirá el sonido que hayas cargado. Así que para crear un drumkit tienes que reunir grabaciones cortas del bombo, cada tom, cada plato, el hi hat abierto, el hi hat cerrado, la caja (con bordonero y sin bordonero), golpes del borde, etc.

Sin embargo, no hay reglas en cuanto a qué puede ser un sample. Es común utilizar Hydrogen para disparar sonidos que no son de batería, tales como: clips de audio de personas hablando, un clip de una canción, efectos de sonido, clips de audio de películas, personas famosas hablando. ¡Se creativo!

### 9.2. Crear un Nuevo Drumkit

In the next paragraphs we will show you how to create a complete drumkit. Keeping in mind the 'Soundlibrary hierarchy' (see Figura 2.12) we will use a top-down approach, so we will start at the Drumkit level and work our way down to the samples.

Creating a new drumkit with Hydrogen is done with the Instrument Editor. You can load samples, set envelope parameters, set the gain, and other advanced features like mute groups, a low-pass resonance filter, and pitch randomization.

TIP : Instead of creating your own drumkit, you can also use or download existing drumkits using the Sección 8.

Lets make a brand new drum kit :

- select Instruments → "Clear All" . This will give you a bank of 32 blank instruments. To delete instruments, right-click on on each instrument and select "Delete Instrument". To add more instruments, select Instruments → "Add instrument" .

- Selecciona un instrumento para empezar a editarlo. Esto se hace haciendo clic izquierdo sobre el nombre del instrumento en la lista de instrumentos (a la izquierda). Verás que el nombre del instrumento en el Editor de Instrumentos coincide con el que has seleccionado.

- Once you have your drum kit working the way you want, select Instruments → "Save library" . You will be prompted for the name of the kit to save. If you wish to overwrite an existing kit, you will need to type in the same name as the kit that you want to replace.

- Drumkits are automatically stored in the `data` directory (i.e. `$HOME/.hydrogen/data/drumkits`).

- To export a drumkit (for sharing with others), it must first be loaded into your Sound Library. Then, select Instruments → "Export library" from the menu. Select the drum kit that you wish to export, and give it a file name to save it to.

### 9.3. Parámetros de Instrumentos

In the instrument editor, click on the General button. Here you can adjust several parameters that apply to the instrument (applies to all layers as well).

Figura 2.15. The Instrument editor General view

The parameters are:

- Parámetros de la envolvente (envelope): Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release. (Ver Generador de la Envolvente (Envelope Generator))

- Ganancia (Gain): El volumen general del instrumento.

- Grupo de silencio (Mute Group): El grupo de silencio al que pertenece este instrumento (ver Grupo de Silencio (Mute Group)).

- Auto Stop-Note

- Apply Velocity

- Parámetros de Filtro: Circunvalar (Bypass), Corte (Cutoff), Resonancia (Resonance).

- Pitch Shift Parameters: Pitch, Fine, Random

- Midi out Channel and Note

- Hi-Hat Pressure Group: Group and Range.

Es importante que entiendas Sección 9.1 para poder continuar.

#### 9.3.1. Parámetros de la Envolvente (Envelope)

Cuando se dispara el instrumento, su volumen pasa por una Envolvente ADSR (de aquí en adelante, ADSR envelope). Los parámetros funcionan de la siguiente manera:

- Attack — the amount of time that the volume of the sample goes from 0 to the full velocity of the note. If the value is 0, the sample will play immediately at full velocity. If the value is 1.0, the sample volume will use the maximum time available for the attack parameter. [1]

- Decay — la cantidad de tiempo para que el volumen del sample baje de la intensidad máxima hasta el volumen de sustain. Si el valor es 0, el sample inmediatamente saltará del volumen de attack al volumen de sustain. Si el valor es 1, el volumen del sample utilizará el máximo tiempo disponible para el parámetro de decay.[1]

- Sustain — el volumen reproducido para la nota tras terminar la fase de decay, y hasta que la nota se "libera" (release). Si se configura a 0, la nota estará silenciada. Si se configura a 1.0, la nota sonará a la intensidad máxima.

- Release — el tiempo necesario para apagar la nota desde el volumen de sustain hasta 0 (silencio). Si se deja en 0, la nota se silenciará en el tiempo mínimo (unos 5 ms). Si se deja en 1, se reducirá en el tiempo máximo disponible.[1]

Si el sample es más corto que los tiempos especificados, terminará sin importar la fase de ADSR en el que se encuentre. Si la nota es sostenida, no silenciará la nota mientras lo sostengas. Sólo sostiene el parámetro de ganancia (volumen) durante ese tiempo.

#### 9.3.2. Ganancia y Grupo de Silencio (Mute Group)

La ganancia determina el volumen general del sample. Esta ganancia se aplica después de la ganancia que has configurado para la capa, y antes de la ganancia configurada para el mezclador. Con la ganancia a 0, el instrumento estará silenciado. Con la ganancia a 1.0, el volumen de los samples no se ajustará (por ej. 0 dB). Si la ganancia se configura a más, los samples se amplificarán.

### Aviso

Es muy fácil poner el mando de Ganancia demasiado alto, haciendo que el sample quede clipeado (distorsionado). Acuérdate de probar la ganancia con notas de intensidad máxima. Si aquí se te clipea la señal, seguramente empeorará según lo procesa Hydrogen.

Hydrogen proporciona más grupos de silencio de los necesitarás jamás (más de 256). Un grupo de silencio es un agrupamiento de instrumentos que son mútuamente exclusivos — sólo puede sonar un instrumento en un momento dado. Si un instrumento está sonando y otro del grupo se dispara, el primero se silenciará inmediatamente y sonará el segundo instrumento. Esto es útil sobre todo para instrumentos como el hi hat, donde el sonido abierto y el cerrado son instrumentos diferentes.

If the mute group is set to "Off", then the instrument is not part of any mute grouping. If the mute group is set to any number, then that is the group that the instrument is a part of. To set other instruments into the same grouping, set their mute group parameter to the same number. (For example, to group all the high-hat instruments, you can set all their mute group parameters to 1. To have a snare drum mute group, set their mute group parameters to 2.)

#### 9.3.3. Auto Stop-Note

If this box is checked Hydrogen will immediately stop any playing sample that belongs to this instrument whenever the instrument is re-triggered.

This option is particularly useful when you are using long samples like a crash or some existing audio that you have sampled (like a looped voice in a dance/electro song) For the crash you will need to use the Auto Stop-Note when you are sequencing multiple notes in fast succession and want to make it sound realistic. If you do not check this option the cymbal will start to sound like multiple cymbals instead of only one (since the sample of each individual hit will be played completely). For the voice sample this option is useful if you are trying to get that 'stuttering' effect.

#### 9.3.4. Apply Velocity

This lets the user decide if Hydrogen will apply the note velocity to the sample being played.

When activated, Hydrogen will apply the note velocity to the sample gain in addition to the layer gain, the instrument gain, the component gain or the instrument volume. If all the layer samples are normalized, this option should be used. By default this option will be selected as this is the way older version of Hydrogen used to work.

When not activated, the note velocity will only be used to select the sample to be played, but the sample gain will not be changed. This is useful for set of samples that already have their gain "hard-coded".

#### 9.3.5. Filter parameters

El filtro es un low-pass resonance filter. Si no deseas usarlo, haz clic en el botón de BYP para que se ponga rojo. Si no está rojo el filtro se encuentra activo. El parámetro de corte (cutoff) determina la frecuencia de corte para el filtro. El parámetro de resonancia determina cuánta resonancia tiene la frecuencia de corte. Si la resonancia se deja en 0, el filtro no es más que un simple low-pass filter.

### Nota

La frecuencia de corte del filtro varía con la tasa de muestreo de tu tarjeta de sonido. El rango del mando (0 a 1.0) está optimizado para una tasa de muestreo de 48,000 kHz.

#### 9.3.6. Pitch Shift parameters

The first two knobs control the pitch shift offset. You can use it to change the tuning of the instrument. "Pitch" is the Coarse control and has quantized steps of half-tones from -24 to +24. "Fine" is the Fine control and has quantized steps of cents of half-tones from -0.50 to +0.50.

The "random" parameter allows you to randomly vary the pitch of the sample every time it is triggered. The value is set between 0 and 1.0. The pitch change is fairly small, almost always between ±1 half-steps × value. Using this sparingly can help your sequences to sound more like a real drummer.

#### 9.3.7. Midi out settings

Hydrogen is capable of generating midi messages that you can use to trigger any external midi device or application. To do this you simply need to configure the Midi out channel and Note for every instrument. You need to have a sample loaded (an empty WAV file is fine) and make sure the proper Midi routing/wiring is in place and you're set. As you can see this is a very flexible approach that enables you to trigger samples or sounds from multiple devices and/or apps.

From now on every time a note is played for that instrument (in the Hydrogen sequencer) a midi message will be sent to your external app/device and trigger a sound. This way you can use Hydrogen as a pure sequencer for other apps, or combine the internal Hydrogen sampler with multiple external apps/devices.

#### 9.3.8. Hi-Hat Pressure Group

The Hi-Hat is a particular instrument of the drumkit as its sound can be changed by pressing the foot pedal.

For e-drummer owner, the hihat pressure group enables to group different hihat instruments together, for example closed, half closed, fully open.

Pressure Group: you can assign more instruments to the same group. You can create many groups: for example one group for the different opening levels of a hihat when playing the top of it, another group when playing the edge. Another example: timpanis - create a group for each timpani and the pressure will change the note.

Range: set the minimum and maximum pressure for each instrument. Each instrument of a given group should seat in its own separate pressure range. The range will decide at what pressure level the instrument will be played. For example, if your closed hi-hat has range from 0 to 20, when the hi-hat pedal is pressed between 0 and 20 the closed hi-hat is played.

### 9.4. Crear un Instrumento y Capas

Para cada instrumento en un drumkit, puedes cargar varios samples y configurar diferentes parámetros del sintetizador. Esta sección te ayudará paso a paso para crear un nuevo instrumento y cargar los samples.

Para empezar a crear un instrumento, selecciona Instrumentos → Añadir instrumento. Esto te da un instrumento en blanco para comenzar.

Ahora, necesitas dos samples. Cualquier archivo .WAV o .FLAC servirá. Hydrogen proporciona varios en el directorio `data/drumkits` .

En el editor de instrumentos, haz clic en Capas. Puedes cargar varias capas en el instrumento. Cuál se reproduce depende de la intensidad de la nota entrante. Haz clic en Cargar Capa y dirige el Navegador de Archivos de Audio a tu sample. Fíjate que el Navegador de Archivos de Audio te permitirá una vista previa del sample antes de cargarlo. También te permitirá cargar más de un sample a la vez. Pero por ahora, sólo carga uno.

Tras cargar el sample, verás que ahora hay un 1 arriba, y que el rectángulo de más arriba se ha vuelto azul claro. Para cargar un segundo sample, haz clic en la ranura justo debajo, y luego haz clic en Cargar Capa para meter otro sample.

Tras insertar los dos samples, probablemente verás que sólo el primer sample se reproduce cuando disparas el instrumento. Esto es porque tienes que configurar los rangos de intensidad para las capas. Mueve el ratón hacia los laterales de los rectángulos azul claro y verás que sale un cursor para arrastrar hacia la derecha o la izquierda. Ahora arrastra el sample hacia la derecha o la izquierda (como una cortina). Ahora verás cómo aparece la Capa 2.

Figura 2.16. The Instrument editor Layers view

The velocity setting for the layer is 0-velocity on the left, and full velocity on the right. Set up Layer 1 to sound for soft notes, and Layer 2 to sound for hard notes (i.e. Layer 1 on the left and Layer 2 on the right).

Ahora, en la zona de patrones, configura un patrón simple que reproduce este instrumento. Ajusta las configuraciones de intensidad en cada nota para que puedan sonar los diferentes samples. Ahora pon el patrón en modo bucle y notarás la diferencia entre los samples. (Para aprender sobre cómo editar un patrón, consulta Sección 6)

Para cada capa puedes configurar la Ganancia y la Altura tonal. La altura tonal también tiene un ajuste Fino.

Usa el ajuste de Ganancia para controlar el volumen del sample. Esto es necesario porque es muy difícil tener un conjunto de samples que suenen al mismo volumen. Al ajustar esto, los samples que estaban grabados demasiado bajo se pueden subir para igualarlos a los samples altos (que has tenido que bajar).

### Aviso

Es muy fácil poner el mando de Ganancia demasiado alto, haciendo que el sample quede clipeado (distorsionado). Acuérdate de probar la ganancia con notas de intensidad máxima. Si aquí se te clipea la señal, seguramente empeorará según lo procesa Hydrogen.

La altura tonal (pitch) del sample se puede modificar con los controles correspondientes. El mando de Altura Tonal (Pitch) ajusta la altura tonal en semitonos. (Así que -12 baja 1 octava). El mando a la derecha ajusta la altura ±50 cents. (Un semitono son 100 cents.)

### Nota

The pitch is adjusted by playing the sample back faster or slower. This is called the Doppler Effect. So, if you have a 1-second sample that you turn down -12 (1 octave), your sample will only last for 0.5-seconds. If you do not want this to happen you should use rubberband instead (see Sección 9.5.2)

You can hear the sample in a layer by clicking the layer id (just below the 'General' and 'Layers' buttons) and the 'Delete Layer' button will delete the currently selected layer.

#### 9.4.1. Sample Selection

Certain set of samples contain different sample versions of the same sound for the same note/velocity in order to make it more natural - drummers for example never hit the drum set twice the same way. This functionality is making Hydrogen compatible with this type of sample collection.

To use this functionality, you need to first a few samples that share the same velocity range in Hydrogen. The second step is to select how Hydrogen will chose the sample when a note within a certain velocity is played.

- First in Velocity — will select the first sample available in the velocity set. This is the way previous versions of Hydrogen were working.

- Round Robin — will cycle through the different samples one after another as note in the same velocity range is played.

- Random — will select a random sample inside the velocity range for each note played.

### 9.5. Sample Editor

So far we have created a multilayered Drumkit, set a number of instrument parameters, played with velocity settings and so on. Now it's time to go one step deeper and edit the samples using one of the newest Hydrogen features: the Sample Editor.

The Sample Editor allows you to tweak and manipulate your samples. This is a function that will really speed up the creation of a drumkit since you can do the fine-tuning of the sample within Hydrogen. In pre-0.9.5 builds the typical workflow would be to prepare your sample in an external sound editor, import the sample in Hydrogen, test it, go back to the audio editor, import again, test ... The sample editor allows you to do most of the sample manipulation within Hydrogen. This mean less switching between Hydrogen and your audio editor and more time to make music !

### Nota

The changes you make to your samples in the Sample Editor are non-destructive and are saved per song. So the original sample will not be changed, and you can reuse the same sample in multiple songs with different Sample Editor settings.

Figura 2.17. The Sample Editor

The Sample Editor consists of 3 sections (as indicated in the figure above):

#### 9.5.1. Sample Editor in/out points

In this section you can set the start, stop and loop points for the sample by dragging the the 3 markers:

- S-marker (green) : indicates the Start-point (in-point) of the sample.

- E-marker (red) : indicates the End-point (out-point) of the sample.

- L-marker (blue) : determines the loop-in point of your sample

You can easily move one of the markers by grabbing them close to the letter that marks them. Whenever you grab one of the markers you will see a detail view of the position of that marker on the second (smaller) window on the right, making it easy to find the zero-crossings in the sample. This detail window also has a slider next to it that allows you to zoom in and out on the vertical axis. Think of it as a sort of volume 'zoom'.

Underneath these 2 windows you can find (from left >right) : the position of the Start marker, the position of the Loop marker, the Loop mode, the number of loops and the position of the End marker. The position of the markers is expressed in number of samples from the very beginning of the sample. These values will change if you drag the markers, but you can also fine-tune the marker position by using the up/down arrows of the spinboxes, the up/down keys on your keyboard, or by using your mouse scroll wheel while hovering above the spinboxes.

Apart from the marker positions there are 2 settings that apply to the Sample Editor's loop function: loop mode and loop number. With the loop function you can repeat the part of your sample that is in between the Loop- and the End-marker. The way it is looped is determined by the Loop mode (forward, reverse or ping-pong) and the number of times it is looped is determined by the Loop number.

If you want to hear a preview of the tweaking you have done so far, you first need to press the 'Apply Changes' button (@ the bottom of section 3) and then the Play button to hear the result.

#### 9.5.2. Sample Editor rubberband

This section of the Sample Editor allows you to control the Rubberband settings. Rubberband is a tool that can change the tempo of a sample without changing the sample's pitch (and vice versa).

If you are using Ubuntu you can install rubberband from the Software Center (rubberband-cli). For other linux distros check your package manager. For other platforms please check the rubberband site . After installing rubberband you should check if the path to the rubberband cli is configured correctly (see Sección 3.1).

If rubberband is installed correctly you will have access to the rubberband settings, and an extra button named 'RUB' will be available in the Main Toolbar, right of the BPM LCD display:

Back to the rubberband settings :

- Sample length to beat : when set to 'off', rubberband functionality is disabled. Normally this parameter should be set to the length of the part of the sample between the Start and End marker, expressed in number of beats.

- Pitch : this setting allows you to change the pitch of the sample, expressed in semitones,cent.

- Crispness : this setting does not affect tempo or pitch, but changes the way the sample sounds.

Note: If you want Hydrogen to recalculate the sample length on the fly (using rubberband) you must enable the 'RUB' button (see figure above).

#### 9.5.3. Sample Editor volume/pan

In the bottom section of the Sample Editor you can see the end result of the tweaks you have made by pressing the Apply Changes button. You can also change the the Volume and Panorama (Pan) of your sample here. This is done by creating 'envelopes' like the ones you find in numerous DAW's for automation. To edit an envelope you first need to select 'Volume' or 'Panorama'in the upper right corner of section 3. The Volume envelope is blue, and the pan envelope is yellow. Left clicking in the bottom window will ad a node to an envelope and also allows you to drag an existing node. Right-clicking a node will delete it. Don't forget to Apply Changes before you play your tweaked sample.

### 9.6. Consejos a la hora de Editar Instrumentos

With all of the different parameters available to tweak, it can be difficult to set up something that sounds nice when you're done. Here are a few tips on setting up an instrument:

Turn down the gain. Every gain knob (i.e. an amplifier), this is a gain stage. With every gain stage you have, it's easy to overdrive your signal — which means the signal gets distorted by clipping. In addition, if you have two samples that, by themselves, peg your meters — what do you think happens when you combine them? That's right, you overdrive the signal again.

Si las cosas suenan mal y distorsionadas, empieza por bajar la ganancia de la capa... sobre todo si es mayor de 1.0. Luego baja la ganancia del instrumento. Luego cualquier ganancia de los efectos LADSPA. Luego el fader del mezclador. Luego el fader de la salida master.

Prueba los samples a la máxima intensidad. El sample sonará más alto si la intensidad es mayor. Así que si lo configuras todo para que suene bien con una intensidad de 0.7, ¿qué pasará cuando tengas una intensidad máxima de 1.0? (Una pista: saturación.)

Intenta usar samples con -6 dB máx. Visualmente, esto son samples que llegan a su pico máximo sólo a la mitad del rango completo. Si no, deja la ganancia en aproximadamente 0.5.

Remove all DC offsets from the sample. In a sample editor, there is usually a line down the center of your sample's waveform. This is the zero-line. The beginning of your sample should be on this line. The end of your sample should also be on this line. However, if your signal is a little above or a little below this line, you will hear a click at the beginning and the end of your sample whenever it is played. If your sample editor doesn't provide any tools to fix a DC offset problem, you can eliminate the noise by putting a slight fade-in/out at the ends of your sample.

El ADSR no será más largo que tu sample. Si tienes un sample corto, no importa cómo configures el attack y el delay — el sample dejará de reproducirse.

Things change with the sample rate. If you have a really nice setup with all your parameters painstakingly tweaked... things will change if you change the sample rate of your audio card. Many of Hydrogen's internal settings and parameters are based on how many samples go by, not on how many seconds go by. The sorts of things that change are: anything time-base (like attack and release) and anything frequency based (like the cutoff frequency).

## 10. Midi

In this section you can find more info about defining MIDI actions and how they can be useful for you. Before you can work with midi actions you should have your Midi devices, drivers and connections configured correctly (see Sección 3.3).

Lets take a look at the available options :

### 10.1. Midi Events

An Event is an incoming Midi message, coming from a MIDI controller or an external sequencer.

If you look at the Events list you will see that there are 3 types of Events available (as described in the Midi standard):

- NOTE: input coming from a regular black/white key of a keyboard or a drumpad

- CC: controller commands coming from faders or rotary controllers

- MMC_x: machine control events coming from play/stop... buttons on a controller

The Param. (parameter) value to the right of the Event is the identifier of the note/button/controller that is linked to this Action. This parameter can be entered manually, or automatically by using the Midi learn function (see Sección 3.3).

### Nota

You can also activate the Midi learn function by Shift-clicking most of the gui elements. A 'Waiting for Midi input...' popup informs you that Hydrogen is now waiting for you to press a key or turn/move a controller.

If you Shift-click on a gui element that does not support Midi automation a popup will inform you.

### 10.2. Midi Actions

Next is a list of the available Actions: an Action describes what Hydrogen should do when a specific Midi Event is detected.

### Nota

** Some of the Midi Actions require that the Action Parameter is configured. The Parameter usually references a specific channel, instrument, FXsend... Keep in mind that the Parameter value is zero-based. So if you want to reference channel 1 you have to enter '0' in the Parameter field (1 for channel 2, 2 for channel 3 ...)

- PLAY : start playback

- PLAY/STOP_TOGGLE : toggles between PLAY and STOP. Execute this action will start playback, execute it again and playback will stop + the playhead will return to the start of the song

- PLAY/PAUSE_TOGGLE : toggles between PLAY and PAUSE. (the playhead will not return to the start of the song, but will stay at its current position)

- STOP : stops playback and returns to the start of the song

- PAUSE : pauses the song

- MUTE : mutes the the Master output (sequencer keeps running)

- UNMUTE : unmutes the Master output (sequencer keeps running)

- MUTE_TOGGLE : toggles between MUTE and UNMUTE (sequencer keeps running)

- NEXT_BAR : jumps to the next bar in the song

- PREVIOUS_BAR : jumps to the previous bar in the song

- BPM_INCR : increments the tempo of the song

- BPM_DECR : decrements the tempo of the song

- BPM_CC_RELATIVE : changes the tempo relative to the current tempo, using a controller

- MASTER_VOLUME_RELATIVE : changes the Master output volume, relative to the current setting (e.g. if you are using rotary encoders)

- MASTER_VOLUME_ABSOLUTE : changes the Master output volume to the absolute value of the midi control (use with midi fader or pot)

- STRIP_VOLUME_RELATIVE : see MASTER_VOLUME_RELATIVE, but applies to the channel strip defined in the Action Parameter **

- STRIP_VOLUME_ABSOLUTE : see MASTER_VOLUME_ABSOLUTE, but applies to the channel strip defined in the Action Parameter **

- EFFECTx_LEVEL_RELATIVE : changes the volume level of effect 'x'; the value you enter in the Action Parameter determines the channel strip this action applies to **

- SELECT_NEXT_PATTERN : selects the pattern that is defined in the Action Parameter **

- SELECT_AND_PLAY_NEXT_PATTERN : combines the SELECT_NEXT_PATTERN with PLAY

- PAN_RELATIVE : changes the panorama setting, relative to the current value; the value you enter in the Action Parameter determines the channel strip this action applies to **

- PAN_ABSOLUTE : changes the panorama setting to the absolute value that the linked controller sends to Hydrogen

- BEATCOUNTER : sets the tempo (see Sección 4.1

- TAP_TEMPO : sets the tempo (see Sección 4.1

- SELECT_INSTRUMENT : selects one of the instruments in the drumkit

## 11. OSC

Open Sound Control (OSC) is a protocol for communication among programs, computers, and hardware, like synthesizers or multimedia devices, via networking protocols such as UDP or TCP. It can be thought of as a replacement for the MIDI protocol with rich benefits, like supporting symbolic and high-resolution numerical argument data, providing an URL-style naming scheme in combination with a pattern matching language, and allowing to bundle messages for a better handling of timing and simultaneous processing.

Hydrogen is able to receive OSC messages. This allows you to control it using various devices, like hardware OSC controllers, smartphones, tablets, or any PC. For Linux-based systems you can test these interactions using the command line program oscsend and Hydrogen's port number you can find in the OSC tab in the Preferences dialog.

oscsend localhost 9000 /Hydrogen/NEW_SONG s /tmp/new.h2song

To enable OSC support in Hydrogen, open the Preferences dialog and switch to the OSC tab. Make sure that the "Enable OSC support" checkbox is activated, otherwise Hydrogen will not listen for incoming OSC messages.

### 11.1. Controlling Hydrogen via OSC

If you want to control Hydrogen via OSC, you may send messages to the following addresses:

- /Hydrogen/STRIP_VOLUME_ABSOLUTE/

- /Hydrogen/PAN_ABSOLUTE/

- /Hydrogen/FILTER_CUTOFF_LEVEL_ABSOLUTE/

- /Hydrogen/STRIP_MUTE_TOGGLE/

- /Hydrogen/STRIP_SOLO_TOGGLE/

- /Hydrogen/PLAY

- /Hydrogen/PLAY_STOP_TOGGLE

- /Hydrogen/PLAY_PAUSE_TOGGLE

- /Hydrogen/STOP

- /Hydrogen/PAUSE

- /Hydrogen/RECORD_READY

- /Hydrogen/RECORD_STROBE

- /Hydrogen/RECORD_STROBE_TOGGLE

- /Hydrogen/RECORD_EXIT

- /Hydrogen/MUTE

- /Hydrogen/MUTE_TOGGLE

- /Hydrogen/UNMUTE

- /Hydrogen/NEXT_BAR

- /Hydrogen/PREVIOUS_BAR

- /Hydrogen/BPM_INCR

- /Hydrogen/BPM_DECR

- /Hydrogen/MASTER_VOLUME_ABSOLUTE

- /Hydrogen/MASTER_VOLUME_RELATIVE

- /Hydrogen/STRIP_VOLUME_RELATIVE

- /Hydrogen/SELECT_NEXT_PATTERN

- /Hydrogen/SELECT_NEXT_PATTERN_PROMPTLY

- /Hydrogen/SELECT_AND_PLAY_NEXT_PATTERN

- /Hydrogen/BEATCOUNTER

- /Hydrogen/TAP_TEMPO

- /Hydrogen/PLAYLIST_SONG

- /Hydrogen/PLAYLIST_NEXT_SONG

- /Hydrogen/PLAYLIST_PREV_SONG

- /Hydrogen/TOGGLE_METRONOME

- /Hydrogen/SELECT_INSTRUMENT

- /Hydrogen/UNDO_ACTION

- /Hydrogen/REDO_ACTION

- /Hydrogen/NEW_SONG s /full/path/to/new.h2song

- /Hydrogen/OPEN_SONG s /full/path/to/existing.h2song

- /Hydrogen/SAVE_SONG

- /Hydrogen/SAVE_SONG_AS s /full/path/to/copy.h2song

- /Hydrogen/QUIT

- /Hydrogen/TIMELINE_ACTIVATION i 0

- /Hydrogen/TIMELINE_ADD_MARKER if 1 120

- /Hydrogen/TIMELINE_DELETE_MARKER i 1

- /Hydrogen/JACK_TRANSPORT_ACTIVATION i 0

- /Hydrogen/JACK_TIMEBASE_MASTER_ACTIVATION i 0

- /Hydrogen/SONG_MODE_ACTIVATION i 0

- /Hydrogen/LOOP_MODE_ACTIVATION i 0

- /Hydrogen/RELOCATE i 4

For more information about the actions invoked, please see the corresponding documentation in the source code.

### 11.2. Sending OSC feedback to other applications

Hydrogen is able notify other applications via OSC if a parameter changes, for example if a fader has been moved. It does not matter at this point if the fader has been moved via the GUI, an incoming OSC message or via MIDI.

To enable/disable OSC feedback, a checkbox exists on the OSC tab of the Preferences dialog. If the checkbox is enabled, Hydrogen sends out OSC feedback messages to all OSC client, which are known to Hydrogen.

Clients are registered automatically by Hydrogen upon the first message received from the client.

The OSC messages send by Hydrogen will be associated with the following paths

- /Hydrogen/MASTER_VOLUME_ABSOLUTE

- /Hydrogen/TOGGLE_METRONOME

- /Hydrogen/MUTE_TOGGLE

- /Hydrogen/STRIP_VOLUME_ABSOLUTE/[x]

- /Hydrogen/PAN_ABSOLUTE/[x]

- /Hydrogen/STRIP_MUTE_TOGGLE/[x]

- /Hydrogen/STRIP_SOLO_TOGGLE/[x]

The last part [x] of the URI specifies a particular instrument.

[1] Los parámetros de ataque, decaimiento (decay) y release ("liberación") están determinados por el número de samples de audio. Esto significa que los cambios de tiempo dependen de la tasa de muestreo de tu tarjeta de sonido. El tiempo máximo para cada uno de ellos es de 100,000 samples de audio (normalmente 2.27 seg a 44.1 kHz).

# Capítulo 3. Una nueva canción

## 1. Modo "Canción" y modo "Patrón"

This section is a quick-and-dirty walkthrough to Hydrogen. Refer to the tutorial for a more detailed overview.

Hydrogen has 2 main modes: "Pattern" mode and "Song" mode (refer to Sección 4 for the buttons that activate each mode). When "Pattern" mode is activated the current pattern is continuously repeated. This mode is very well suited to tweak your pattern until it's just right, since the pattern you are working on is constantly repeated. This way you can immediately hear the changes you have made. In "Song" mode the whole song is played. This is useful when putting together the patterns to create the structure of the song.

## 2. Un nuevo patrón

We'll start from the empty song with an empty pattern created when Hydrogen starts up: "pattern" mode should be selected by default. Now let's click on the “Play”button, and while the pattern is playing let's add notes by left_mouse_clicking in the grid of the Song Editor (Figura 3.1). Adjust the grid resolution and BPM speed if needed. Remember some constraints of the grid: if you are working with a resolution of 16 you can't go back to 8 and remove a 16th note; same thing happens if you are working with a resolution of 8 and you try to insert a note in the middle of two bars (looking for a 16 bars precision): they will be placed on the previous or on the following 8th bar (unless you choose “off” from the Grid Resolution LCD in which case you're free to place notes wherever you prefer). Be sure to select the correct pattern in the Song Editor before adding notes in the Pattern Editor!

Figura 3.1. El Editor de Patrones

## 3. Una nueva secuencia

Once patterns are created (Figura 3.2), we can copy/paste/delete them using the Select Mode (see Sección 5.1).

Figura 3.2. Inserting Patterns in the Song sequence

## 4. Configura desde el mezclador

Por supuesto siempre podemos utilizar la ventana del mezclador, bien a la hora de crear o reproducir patrones.

The Mixer frame (Figura 3.3) is made of 32 independent tracks, each of these is bound to an instrument, plus a "Master Output" control and a "FX" button to show and hide the effects panel. Every line features 3 buttons ( ), pan adjust ( ), current maximum peak, volume fader and name of the track. Clicking on will play the selected instrument, cutting the others. The "Mute" button , simply mute that instrument. The maximum peak indicates the maximum volume reached from the instrument. The peak must be in a range of 0.0 and 1.0 (in Figura 3.3 you can see a few volumes too loud). Peaks outside that range will get distorted (especially with OSS audio driver). Keep an eye on each vu-meter and if distortion appears, turn the volume down for that instrument.

Figura 3.3. El Mezclador

# Capítulo 4. Shortcut lists

- [CTRL + N] = New Project

- [CTRL + O] = Abrir Archivo

- [CTRL + D] = Open Demo

- [CTRL + S] = Guardar Archivo

- [CTRL + SHIFT + S] = Save File as

- [CTRL + P] = Export Pattern as

- [CTRL + M] = Export MIDI file

- [CTRL + E] = Export Song

- [CTRL + Q] = Quit Hydrogen

- [ALT + D] = Show Director window

- [ALT + M] = Show Mixer window

- [ALT + I] = Show Instrument rack

- [ALT + P] = Show Preferences window

- [CTRL + ?] = Show manual

- [Retroceso] = Volver al principio de una canción o un patrón

- [spacebar] = Play / Pause

- [,] (comma key) = Beatcounter

- [\] (backslash) = Tap tempo

- [+] and [-] = Tempo up / down

- [F9] = Jump back to previous bar in the song

- [F10] = Jump to the next bar in the song

- [F12] = Panic button (stops the song and mutes all playing sounds)

# Glosario

This is a glossary of general terms encountered when using Hydrogen, synthesizers, drums, or samplers. The definitions here provide more detail and explanation than the simplified ones in the text. For example, the text of the manual would have you believe that an ADSR is the only kind of envelope generator and could only ever control the volume. While the simplified definitions help new users start using Hydrogen quickly, they can lack the nuances presented here.

ADSR

  Un tipo de generador de envolventes que te permite controlar los parámetros de Attack, Decay, Sustain, y Release. Generalmente, los parámetros son proporcionales a la intensidad.

  En Hydrogen, el 'ADSR envelope generator' sólo controla el volumen (atenuación).

  Lee más sobre esto en el Artículo de Wikipedia (en inglés) ADSR Envelope

  Ver también Generador de la Envolvente (Envelope Generator), Attack, Decay, Sustain, Liberación (Release).

Attack

  Esta es la primera fase de un 'ADSR envelope', y es la cantidad de tiempo necesario para subir el parámetro de 0 a la máxima intensidad tras disparar la nota.

  Ver también ADSR.

Atenuación

  En filtros y mezcladores, esto es la reducción de la señal (volumen).

  Ver también Roll-off.

Band-Pass Filter

  A filter that preserves a certain band of frequencies, and attenuates (silences) all others. This is often done by combining a high-pass and a low-pass filter.

  Ver también Filtro, Filtro 'High-Pass', Filtro Low-Pass.

Saturación (Clipping)

  Un fenómeno que afecta a una señal cuando es demasiado grande para lo que sea que lo recibe. Los picos de la señal (que normalmente son curvas redondeadas) se cortan al máximo volumen (clipeados). Esto distorsiona el sonido y normalmente no es deseable.

  Un ejemplo de saturación es cuando reproduces música a un volumen mayor de lo que puede soportar el altavoz. Algunas partes de la música suenan desgarradas y borrosas.

Frecuencia de Corte (Cutoff Frequency)

  En los filtros high-pass y low-pass, esta es la frecuencia que divide entre entre aquellas que pasan, y aquellas que se atenúan (silenciadas). En un filtro de 'high-pass resonance', o uno de 'low-pass resonance', el corte es también la zona de frecuencias que se amplifican.

  Por ejemplo, si tienes un filtro low-pass y configuras una frecuencia de corte alta (por ej. 20kHz)... el filtro no afectará al sonido. Todas las frecuencias audibles pasarán sin modificarse. Al bajar la frecuencia de corte a algo como 40 Hz (la cuerda gruesa de un bajo), suena como si alguien tapara el altavoz con una manta. Las frecuencias altas se están atenuando por encima de los 30 Hz.

  Ver también Filtro, Filtro 'High-Pass', Filtro Low-Pass, Filtro de Resonancia.

Decay

  Tras alcanzar la máxima intensidad del 'attack', esto es la cantidad de tiempo necesario para bajar el parámetro hasta el nivel del sustain.

  Ver también ADSR.

DC-offsety

  DC offset, or DC coefficient is the mean value of the waveform.

  DC offset is usually undesirable. For example, in audio processing, a sound that has DC offset will not be at its loudest possible volume when normalized (because the offset consumes headroom), and this problem can possibly extend to the mix as a whole, since a sound with DC offset and a sound without DC offset will have DC offset when mixed. It may also cause other artifacts depending on what is being done with the signal.

Generador de la Envolvente (Envelope Generator)

  Una manera de controlar (cambiar) un parámetro a lo largo del tiempo como respuesta al disparo, sostenimiento y liberación de una nota.

  ¿Se te acaba de nublar la vista? Intentémoslo de nuevo:

  Imagina que estás tocando una nota en el teclado y tienes la otra mano en un mando (volumen, filtro de corte, etc.). Según tocas la nota, giras e mando (hacia arriba, luego abajo... o viceversa). Haces lo mismo con cada nota. Esto es lo que hace el 'envelope generator'. Consulta también ADSR

Fader

  Un control deslizante utilizado para ajustar la atenuación (volumen) en un mezclador. Los faders siempre tienen un potenciómetro de "audio", lo que significa que los cambios de atenuación tienen lugar en una escala exponencial.

Filtro

  Un dispositivo que cambia un sonido atenuando frecuencias específicas. Un control de tono es un ejemplo de un filtro simple de 'low pass'.

  Ver también Band-Pass Filter, Filtro 'High-Pass', Filtro Low-Pass, Filtro de Resonancia.

Ganancia

  En un amplificador, determina cuánto se amplifica una señal (volumen). A mayor valor de ganancia, más volumen.

Filtro 'High-Pass'

  Un filtro que atenúa (silencia) frecuencias bajas, pero que permite el paso de frecuencias altas.

  Ver también Filtro, Frecuencia de Corte (Cutoff Frequency).

Instrumento

  En Hydrogen, un instrumento es un único generador de ruido (como puede ser un bombo o un tom).

Capa

  En un instrumento, puedes cargar varios samples diferentes capa), y hacer que suene un sample diferente dependiendo de la intensidad de la nota. Sólo sonará un sample a la vez.

  Supón que tienes un sample de un golpe suave de timbal base. Si simplemente reproduces el sample más alto — no sonará igual que un golpe fuerte en un tom de verdad. Si quieres imitar esto en tu instrumento, puedes cargar un sample par los golpes suaves, y otro sample para los fuertes.

  Ver también Instrumento.

Filtro Low-Pass

  A filter that attenuates (silences) high frequencies, but allows low frequencies to pass through.

  Ver también Filtro, Frecuencia de Corte (Cutoff Frequency).

Silencio (Mute)

  Para no hacer sonido. Una función del instrumento que evita cualquier salida de audio.

Grupo de Silencio (Mute Group)

  Un grupo de instrumentos (samples) que debería silenciarse inmediatamente cuando se dispara otro instrumento del mismo grupo.

  Esto se utiliza normalmente para los hi-hats, donde hay un instrumento (sample) diferente para cuando está abierto y cerrado. Con un hi-hat real, el sonido abierto parará en cuanto lo cierres. Sin embargo, si utilizas dos samples — el sonido de abierto continuará aún después de disparar el sonido de cerrado. Al colocar ambos instrumentos en el mismo grupo (grupo #1, por ejemplo)... al disparar el sonido de cerrado el de abierto se parará automáticamente (y vice versa).

Octava

  Un rango de frecuencias donde la más alta es exáctamente el doble de la más baja.

  Por ejemplo, el rango de 20 Hz a 40 Hz es una octava. Como lo es de 120 Hz a 240 Hz, y de 575 Hz a 1150 Hz. Mientras que las diferencias de frecuencia son muy variadas (20 Hz, 120 Hz, y 575 Hz, respectivamente), para el oído humano suenan como si les separara la misma distancia.

Liberación (Release)

  Tras soltar/liberar la nota, esto es la cantidad de tiempo necesario para reducir el parámetro del nivel de sustain a 0.

  Ver también ADSR.

Resonancia

  Al referirnos al filtro de resonancia, esto es el parámetro que determina cuánta ganancia se da a las frecuencias en el corte.

  Ver también Filtro de Resonancia.

Filtro de Resonancia

  Un filtro que amplifica un estrecho rango de frecuencias. Típicamente formará parte de un filtro high-pass o low-pass, donde las frecuencias amplificadas se centran en la frecuencia de corte.

  Ver también Filtro, Frecuencia de Corte (Cutoff Frequency), Resonancia.

Roll-off

  Esta es la cantidad de atenuación (supresión) aplicada a las frecuencias según cambia la frecuencia (normalmente medido en dB/octava).

  For example, in a low-pass filter the frequencies below the cutoff frequency are not attenuated (they pass-through with the same volume). Same with the cutoff frequency. As you go above the cutoff frequency, the frequencies that are near the cutoff frequency are not attenuated very much at all. However, the frequencies that are much higher than the cutoff are attenuated (suppressed) a lot. This is usually approximated by a straight line (on a log scale) and measured in in dB of attenuation per octave of frequency.

  Ver también Atenuación, Filtro.

Sample

  Una corta grabación de un sonido, típicamente con entre .1 y 3.0 segundos de duración.

Sustain

  El nivel en el que se sostiene el parámetro tras terminar el tiempo de decay. Este nivel se mantendrá hasta que la nota se suelta.

  Ver también ADSR.

Intensidad

  La fuerza con la que golpeas una nota.

  Los dispositivos MIDI deben enviar esta información junto con la nota. Los sintetizadores utilizan esta información para ajustar varios parámetros en el sample (normalmente el volumen). En Hydrogen, sólo se utiliza para determinar el volumen al que se reproduce el sample.